HOSA Forensic Medicine 2017 – Flashcards
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Workplace Drug Testing
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examination performed on primary blood and urine from employees or job applicants for drug content
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NIDA
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national institute of drug abuse
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Accuracy
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ability of a measurement to match the value of the quantity measured; correctness
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Amphetamine
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controlled substance along with its analogs , such as methamphetamine that creates a state of wakefulness, euphoria, and excitatory condition (stimulation)
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Hallucinogen
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psychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or alters sensory experiences
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Narcotic
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addictive substance that reduces pains, alters mood and behavior, and usually induces sleep or stupor
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Cannabinoids
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term applied to marijuana and parts of the plant cannabis sativa in which tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active agent
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Phencyclidine
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PCP; drug originally developed as a surgical anesthetic that was discontinued due to adverse patients reactions; abusers of the drug often experience severe psychiatric manifestations
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Cyanide
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CN; highly toxic chemical especially in the form of gas (hydrogen cyanine)
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Chain of Custody
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documented process the evidence goes through from the point of gathering to the final presentation in the court; intended to assure that there has been no tampering or altering the evidence
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Gas Chromatography
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gas flowing through a coated tube separates compounds by their size, weight, and chemical reactivity with the coating of the tube or column
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Immunoassays
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tests utilizing antibodies that react with the drug or substance that recognizes the antibody
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Fluorescence
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property of a product producing light when acted upon by radiant energy
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Chemiluminescence
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process by which light is emitted as a product of a chemical reaction
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TLC
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wet chemical test known as thin layer chromatography
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Ultraviolet
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area of the light spectrum just past visible violet and before the x-ray region
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Enhancement
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rendering an impression more visible through physical, photographic, chemical, or digital methods
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Retention Time
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time required for a substance to travel from the injection port to the detector in a gas or liquid chromatographic system
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Mass Spectrometry
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technique based of the detection of vaporized molecules and their ionized (charged) fragments; detection and display of the spectra are based on the mass-to-mass charge ratios of the ions; method is specific for qualitative analysis and useful for quantitative analysis
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Chemical Ionization
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a type of mass spectrometry in which a molecule reacts under relatively low energy with a reagent gas rather than fragmenting extensively
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NIST
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national institute of standards and technology
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LC-MS
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liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is a technique that replaces a gas chromatograph with a liquid chromatograph
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AAS
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atomic absorption spectroscopy; technique for metal analysis utilizing the reduction of a metal in a solution to an atom, usually by a flame
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NAA
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neutron activation analysis; technique for metal analysis utilizing the characteristics of emitted radiation for the detection and quantitation of metals
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Nucleus
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cellular organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope; it encloses the chromosomes during the interphase
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ICP-MS
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inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy; modern technique for metal analysis that utilizes radio frequency energy for the detection and quantitation of metals
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Isotopes
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chemical element that exits in alternate forms containing identical numbers of protons and different numbers of neutrons
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Toxicogenomics
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field of science that deals with how genomes respond to toxins
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LD50
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quantity of a substance that kills 50 percent of the population
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GC-MS
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acronym for gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
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Who was the first to use fingerprinting as a method of identification on a large scale?
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Sir William Hershel-1856
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Who was the first to devise a method of classification based on fingerprints?
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Dr. Henry Faulds-1880
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Who's was the first official use of a fingerprint in the United States?
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Gilbert Thompson-1882
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What were Sir Francis Galton's calculations of the odds of two individual fingerprints being the same?
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1 in 64 billion
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Who began the first fingerprint files?
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Juan Vucetich -1891
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When was the first criminal fingerprint identification made?
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1892
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When was the introduction of fingerprints for criminal identification in England and Wales?
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1901
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What is the classification system for fingerprinting used in all English speaking countries called?
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Henry Classification System
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What does AFIS stand for?
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Automated Fingerprint Identification System
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What does the AFIS do?
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Provides: -Automated fingerprint search -latent print searching capability -electronic image storage -electronic exchange of fingerprints and responses 24/7
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What does the acronym CPIN stand for? How does it work?
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C-Commonwealth P-Photo I-Imaging N-Network A computer network that extends PA and is used to record and store digital photos of crime suspects
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Ballistics
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the science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles, most often firearms and bullets.
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Odontology
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in forensics, examination of bite marks and dental identification of corpses.
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Pathology
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investigation of sudden, unexplained, or violent death.
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Entomology
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the study of insects.
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Palynology
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the study of pollen and spores.
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Polygraphy
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the use of the "lie detector". Polygraph = lie detector
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Laceration
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Caused by a blunt object
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Incised wounds
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Caused by a sharp object
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Perforating gunshot wound
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Has an entrance and an exit wound
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Penetrating gunshot wound
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Does not have an exit wound.
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Mechanism of Death
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Biochemical or physiologic abnormality produced by the cause of death that is incompatible with life
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Manner of Death MOD
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The fashion in which the cause of death came to be.
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Rigor mortis
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Stiffening of the muscles that occurs following the death of a person. The glycogen in the body is not reformed leaving muscles stiff
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Livor Mortis
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Discoloration of the body which occurs from te settling of red blood cells after the blood stops circulating. Lividity becomes fixed at 12hrs
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Algor Mortis
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Cooling of the body that occurs after death. This obviously varies greatly.
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Mechanical traumas
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Can be sharp or blunt. Blunt traumas are further divided into firearm and non-firearm.
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Non-penetrating traumas
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Can be sharp or blunt. Blunt traumas are further divided into firearm and non-firearm.
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GSR
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Gun shot residue Gun powder leftover from shooting a gun
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DOA
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Dead on arrival, Death on Arrival
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Cannabis
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marujuana;pot
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Teratogen
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an agent that can cause birth defects in an embryo or fetus. two well-known examples are alcohol and thalidomide.
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Alkaloid
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Examples are cocaine, nicotine, strychnine, caffenine, and morphine.
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Analgesics
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drugs that relieve pain.
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Presumptive Test
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test that presumes the presence of the questioned substanced; also called a screening test.
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Osteons
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structures in bones that carry the blood supply.
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Femur
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long bone found in the leg extending from the hip to the knee.
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Tibia
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long bone found in the leg extending from the knee to the ankle.
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Humerus
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long bone found in the arm extending from the shoulder to the elbow. upper arm
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Radius
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long bone found in the arm extending from the elbow to the wrist.
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Os Pubis
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area on the anterior side of the pelvis where the hip bones come together.
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Ventral Arc
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a bony ridge that is formed on the ventral (lower) side of the female os pubis.
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Epiphyses
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growth plates found at the ends of the long bones. they form in adolescence and fuse to the bone during early adulthood.
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Diaphysis
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the shaft of a long bone.
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Iliac Crest
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found on the top of the hip bone.
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Clavicle
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also known as the collarbone; its medial ends meet in the center of the body.
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Sutures
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immovable joints where bonesare joined together. they are visible as seams on the surface.
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Symphysis
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a place where two bones meet and may rub together.
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Caucasoid
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descriptor for people of European, Middle Eastern, and East Indian descent.
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Negroid
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descriptor for people of African, Aborigine, and Melanesian descent.
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Monogoloid
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descriptor for people of Asian, Native American, Polynesian descent.
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Modus Operandi (MO)
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the characteristic method of operation of a criminal; sometimes referred to as MO.
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Statutory Law
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legislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something.
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Common Law or Case Law
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Type of law that is formulated by judges or determined by court decisions.
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Civil Law
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A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.
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Criminal Law
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Codes of behavior related to the protection of property and individual safety
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Misdemeanor
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a minor crime, less than a felony, usually punished with a fine or confinement other than in a prison.
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Felony
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a serious crime, such as murder, punishable by more than one year of imprisonment up to excution.
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What is the two-pronged test that foresic pathologists use?
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First, is the death sudden. Second, was the death expected.(i.e. if person had been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease then death would have been expected even if sudden.
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What two methods to pathologist use to obtain DNA from victim for future DNA analysis?
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A drop of blood or a hair with the blub still attached
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What are the three major subgroupings of forensic psychiatry?
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Criminal forensic psychiatry, civil forensic psychiatry, administrative forensic psychiatry.
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Dactyloscopy
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the study of fingerprints. the word is drived from the Greek daktulos, meaning finger.
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Anthropometry
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the study of human body measurements. the word is derived from the Greek anthropos, meaning man.
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Loop
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fingerprint pattern with one or more ridges entering from one side, curving, then going out on the same side entered.
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Delta
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triangular area found in all loop and whorl patterns
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Core
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area found near the center of all loop and whorl patterns.
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Whorl
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fingerprint pattern with at least two deltas and a core.
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Arch
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least common and simpliest fingerprint pattern. they have no delta or core. all ridges enter one side and exit the other.
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Visible Print
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fingerprint left by a finger that has touched blood, paint, ink, or the like.
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Latent Print
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fingerprint made by the deposit of perspiration or body oils; invisible to the naked eye until developed.
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Minutiae
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in description of fingerprints, ridge characteristics.
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Bifurcations
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common minutiae, shaped like a two-pronged fork.
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Locard Exchange Principle
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there is always a cross transfer of evidence between suspect and victim or locale.
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Cuticle (Hair)
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tough, clear outside covering of the hair shaft.
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Cortex (Hair)
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middle layer of the hair shaft that provides strength; compromises most of the hair mass.
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Medulla (Hair)
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the spongy anterior core of hair that gives it flexibilty; appears as a canal in the middle of the shaft.
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Keratin
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A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails is
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False Positive
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a test result that comes out positive when it should not; often caused by comtamination or failure to run a control.
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Catalyst
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a small amount of a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up in the process.
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Viscosity
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the resistance of a fluid to flow. water is low relative to syrup. heating generally lowers this of a liquid.
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Homopolymers
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polymers made up of one type of repeating unit. each is made from one monomer only.
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Polyethers
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a series of carbon atoms connected by oxygen atoms.
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Chromatography
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A technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the tendency of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material.
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Elute
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to extract one material from another, usually by means of a solvent.
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Designer Drug
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drugs synthesized with particular pharmacological characteristics, designed for abuse and evasion of specific drug laws.
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Cheliloscopy
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the study of lip prints, from the Greek word cheilos, meaning lip.
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Conchoidal Fracture
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A curved fracture surface; looks like the inside of a clam shell
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Hemoglobin
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the oxygen carrier that gives red blood cells their color. it is composed of four globen (protein) chains, each with heme group.
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Precipitin Test
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test that distingushes between human and animal blood
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Chemiluminescence
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the emmission of light from a chemical reaction. within an organism such as a firefly. it is called bioluminescence.
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Antigens
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foreign substances in the body that are capable of causing disease. the presence of antigens triggers an immune response, usually the production of antibodies.
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Agglutinate
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an allergic reaction where red blood cells clump together, usually in response to a particular antibody.
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Serology
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the laboratory study of body fluids using specific antigen and serum antibody reactions.
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Erythrocytes
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red blood cells.
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Leukocytes
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White Blood Cells
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ABO
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a basic classification system for blood types based upon the reaction of antigens and antibodies.
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Taxonomy
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the classification ont things in an orderly way that indicates natural relationships.
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Carrion
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the carcass of a dead and decaying animal.
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Postmortem Interval (PMI)
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the time elapsed since a person has died.
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Caliber
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A measure of the inside diameter of a firearm barrel
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Bore
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the interior diameter of a gun barrel.
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Gauge
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A measure related to the diameter of the bore and the size of the shotshell designed for that bore
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Shot
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lead spheres in a shotgun shell.
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Slug
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a single shot or bullet in a shotgun shell.
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Striae
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parallel sets of scratches on a bullet caused by unique markings in the bore of a rifled weapon.
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Head Stamp
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numerals, letters, and symbols on the base of a cartridge showing the manufacturer, caliber, and code.
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Breech
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portion of the gun that contains the firing mechanism.
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Magazine
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a container that holds cartridges under spring pressure to be fed into the gun's chamber; also called a clip.
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Chamber
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part of the firearm that contains a cartridge for firing.
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Blind Forgery
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one made without a model of this signnature or writing being forged.
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Forgery
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an item prepared with the intent to deceive or defraud. it can be an autograph, a book, a painting, a baseball card, a stamp, an antique, or almost anything.
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Simulated Forgery
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one made by copying a genuine signature.
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Traced Forgery
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one made by tracing a genuine signature.
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Indented Writing
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impressions left under paper that has been written on.
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When were psychologists recognized in court?
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Jenkins v United States 1962
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Name the 4 roles of a forensic psychologists.
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1. Research: investigate legal processes and phenomena 2. Intervention (aka treatment or therapy) 3. Assessment: psychological appraisal 4. Consultation: provide information to agencies including police departments judges, attorneys and jail staff
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What is the most prevalent area of forensic psychology research?
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Eyewitness testimony
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Confession.
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Admission of guilt • Most damaging piece of evidence in a trial
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False confession.
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Admission of guilt by an innocent person
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Name the 3 primary reasons for a false confession.
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1. Publicity 2. To end punishment 3. Highly suggestible and stressed
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Name 2 main roles of a forensic psychologist in assessment.
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1. Involves test administration 2. Testify as expert witness
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What are the 3 primary states when testifying as an expert witness?
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1. Dangerousness: likelihood to cause emotional or physical harm 2. Competency: ability to understand nature and purpose of court proceedings 3. Insanity: legal term for unsoundness of mind such that nature of a (criminal) act was not perceived to be wrong
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What are the 4 areas of dangerousness?
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1. Violence 2. Suicide 3. Child and domestic abuse 4. Sexual abuse
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Name 2 way to be considered for insanity.
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1. Cannot distinguish fantasy from reality 2. Subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior
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Name 2 possible verdicts if one is found insane.
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1. Not guilty by reason of insanity 2. Not guilty by reason of temporary insanity
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Signature
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Unique manner in which a person commits crime to emotionally fulfill himself
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Who was the Vampire of Sacramento? Give some background information.
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• Richard Trenton Chase • Unemployed, white male, 27 years old • Lived alone, 1 block from killings • Found body parts and bloodstained blender, calendar with more dates
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What is Algor mortis? Time Frame
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Definiton:Decrease in body temperature after death Time:Body cools at a rate of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per hour for the first 12 hours then 1 degree Fahrenheit per hour for the next 12 to 18 hours
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What is Livor Mortis? Time Frame?
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Definition:Purple/red discoloration in the dependent areas of the body due to accumulation of blood after cardiac activity has ceased Time:Begins between 30 minutes to 2 hours after death Usually "fixed" by 8 to 12 hours after death
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What are the specific types of lividity and what causes them?
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Cherry red lividity: carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning and cold temperatures ~Minimal lividity: hypovolemic shock or anemia
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What was the first published account involving a convition based on bite marks as evidence.
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Doyle v. State; Texas, 1954
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Pathology
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The study of disease
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Biopsy
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Examination of a tissue sample
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Theory
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A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena
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Autopsy
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An examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as will expose the vital organs for determining the cause of death.
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Cytopathology
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study of the diseases of cells
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Clinical pathology
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Involves the analysis and interpretation of the chemical, hormonal, and biochemical components of body fluids to determine whether a disease is present
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Microbiology
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Involves the testing and diagnosis of material to determine which infectious organism is infecting or investing the patient
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Histopathology
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Microscopic analysis of diseased tissue
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Hematopathology
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Diagnosis blood disease And blood forming organs
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Neuropathologist
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Focuses on disease of the nervous system
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Dermatopathology
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Focuses on skin diseases
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Forensic pathology
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Main effort is to determine the cause of death and the circumstances of how the death occurred
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Coroner
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Word comes a from the Anglo-Norman word corouner, a word derived from coroune ("crown"). May not be physician/ pathologist. Usually decides if an autopsy is needed then hires a hospital/ forensic pathologist to perform. Is given past medical records and injuries
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Medical Examiner
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Forensic pathologist (death investigator) Does not work from a medical chart. Examining clothes is very important in establishing how the death occurred
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CT
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Computed tomography
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MRI
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Postmortem interval
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Time of death
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Algor mortis
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Cooling of the body; normal temp is approx 98.6° and this is maintained 1-3 hours after death then the body begins to cool at a rate of approx 1° per hour
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Livor mortis
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Discoloration of the body; occurs when the heart stops beating, the blood stops circulating and stagnates.
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Rigor mortis
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Stiffening of the body; begins 20 minutes after death with the smaller muscles of the jaw then continues over the next 6-12 hours and over the next 12-24 hours disappears ually in the same way it appeared
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Postmortem lividity
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the setting of the blood in the body after death, which results in a blue/purple discoloration of the skin
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Contusion
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A black or blue injury
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Cadaveric spasm
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The muscles contract forcibly at the moment of death
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Autolysis
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Self loosen; occurs inside the body and affects internal organs, including the brain.
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Marbling
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Greenish discoloration begins around the belly button and the numerous veins beneath the skin become visible and may also show greenish discoloration
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Mummification
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The skin shrinks and dries, occurs under specific environmental conditions
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Adipocere
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Waxy fat; happens with bodies under water
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Floaters
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Decomposed bodies ; wet floaters found in water and dry floaters are found on land
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Macerated
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softening and breaking down of skin from prolonged exposure to moisture
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Skeletonization
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The end result of decomp.. Accelerated by bugs who have infested the body.
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Forensic entomologist
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Person who studies bugs; can determine the approximate postmortem interval based on the type and stage of the insect larvae present
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Presumptive ID
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Identification found on a persons unidentifiable body that is not considered an ID. A positive ID must be made, usually done by friends or relatives.
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Forensic odontologist
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Forensic dentist; can examine and x-ray the teeth and compare to files of the deceaseds local dentist.
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Forensic anthropologist
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Person who studies bones; can help determine the age, sex, race, and approx height. PHYSICAL anthro can reconstruct an accurate face from a skull.
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Manner of death
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How death occurred; 5 possibilities - natural -accidental -suicide -homicide -undetermined
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Pericardium
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Firbrous sac that encloses the heart. Opened during an autopsy to remove the heart.
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Arteriosclerosis
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Hardening of the arteries
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Myocardial Infarction
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The blockage of blood to the heart resulting I'm the death of the heart muscle
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Small intestines
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Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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Meninges
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Membranes that surround the brain.
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Dura mater
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(Meninges) lies just beneath the internal surface of the skull; firm, touch, and fibrous membrane that covers the outside of the brain.
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Epidural hemmorhage
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Hemorrhage due to trauma between the dura mater and the skull
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Subdural hemorrhage
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Blood lies below the dura mater
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Arachnoid
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Two filmy, thin, transparent membranes that cover the brain directly below the mater
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Pia mater
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The transparent innermost membrane covering the brain
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Leptomenginges
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The almost inseparable combination of the delicate middle arachnoid (spider-web like membrane) and the transparent inner membrane covering the brain, the pia mater
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Provisional anatomic diagnoses
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A listing made of the autopsy findings made by a forensic pathologist
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