Honors U.S. History Study Guide – Flashcards
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By when had Americans transformed the United States into the world's leading industrial nation?
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By the late 1800s.
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How much larger was the Gross National Product (GNP) in 1914 than at the end of the Civil War?
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Eight times greater than it had been in 1865.
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How did railroads help the nation to develop?
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They took settlers and miners to the American West and carried resources back to factories in the East.
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What product was petroleum turned into for use in lanterns and stoves?
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Petroleum was turned into kerosene for use in lanterns and stoves.
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How did a growing population help the nation's industrialists?
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It provided industry with an abundant workforce and created greater demand for consumer goods.
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How many immigrants arrived in the United States between 1870 and 1910?
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More than 17 million immigrants arrived.
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What inventions did Thomas Alva Edison's laboratory produce?
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The phonograph, elevator, lightbulb, battery, dictaphone, and the motion picture.
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What innovation changed the textile industry?
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The Northrop automatic loom changed the textile industry.
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What was the effect of mass production on shoe-making?
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Cobblers had nearly disappeared by 1900.
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What did laissez-faire supporters believe about the role of government in economic affairs?
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That the government should not interfere in the economy other than to protect private property rights and maintain peace.
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Who are people that risk capital in order to organize and run a business?
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People that risk capital in order to organize and run a business are entrepreneurs.
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Where were the vast tracts of land that Congress gave to the railroads?
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The vast tracts of land that Congress gave to the railroads is West.
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How was the United States different from Europe in regard to tariffs?
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The U.S. wanted high tariffs and Europe wanted low tariffs to promote trade.
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What do laissez-faire supporters believe about tariffs?
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That they played a major role in the country's tremendous economic growth.
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How did high tariffs hurt many Americans?
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Americans couldn't sell abroad.
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The railroad boom began in 1862 when President Lincoln signed the
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Pacific Railway Act
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The _______ __________ ____________ had primary investors who were known as _______ _______
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Central Pacific Railroad, the Big Four
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Because of a _________ __ ______ in California, about 10,000 workers from _______ were hired.
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Shortage of labor, 10,000 workers from China were hired.
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Railroad companies stimulated the economy by spending money on ______, _______, _______, and other necessities
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Steel, coal, and timber.
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Railroad __________ resulted in _____ giant systems that controlled most rail traffic.
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construction, resulted in seven giant systems.
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Before the 1880s, each community set its clocks by the ______ _________ ___ ______.
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sun's position at noon.
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To make rail service safer and more ___________, the American Railway Association divided the country into four ______ ______
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reliable, four time zones.
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During the 1850s and 1860s, the federal land grant system awarded railroad companies ______ _______ ______ ________ acres of land.
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more than 120 million.
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Jay Gould was a railroad owner who was infamous for.....
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Corrupt Railroads
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The _________ ___________ scandal involved public officials and stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad.
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Crédit Mobilier
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By the 1890s, more than half of all immigrants in the United States were from ________ & ________ Europe.
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Eastern & Southern Europe.
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Many immigrants moved to avoid forced ________ ________ which in some nations could last for many years.
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Military Service
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Jews living in Russia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire came to the United States to avoid....
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Religious Persecution
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Most immigrants booked passage in __________ , the cheapest accommodations on a steamship.
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Steerage
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How well immigrants adjusted depended partly on how quickly they learned __________ and adapted to American ___________.
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How quickly they learned English and adapted to American culture.
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In the mid-1800s, the population of China was approximately
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430 million
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The ____________ in China caused such death and suffering that thousands of Chinese left for the United States.
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Taiping Rebellion
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In January 1910, California opened a barracks on..... to accommodate Asian immigrants.
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Angel Island
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In the late 1800s, anti-immigrant feelings were largely directed against.....
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Asians, Jews, and Eastern Europeans.
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Some native-born Americans feared the influx of ___________ into the mostly Protestant United States.
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Catholics
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Many _______ _______ also opposed immigration, arguing that immigrants would work for low wages or accept work as ______________ .
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Many labor unions, accept work as strikebreakers.
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The Workingman's Party of California was organized to...
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fight Chinese immigrants.
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What was the number of United States cities in 1840? What had this number grown to by 1900?
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131 cities, and it had grown to more than 1700 by 1900.
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What did most of the immigrants in the late 1800s lack?
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Money to buy farms, and an education to obtain higher-paying jobs.
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What did cities have to offer that the rural areas did not?
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Cities offered more and better-paying jobs, electric lights, and running water.
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What gave city landowners the incentive to grow upward rather than outward?
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The price of land rising as demand grew throughout the growth of city populations.
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Who contributed to the design of skyscrapers?
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Louis Sullivan, who contributed lofty structures with simple lines and spacious windows using a new kind of glass.
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What type of mass transit was first used in San Francisco?
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Horsecars, which are railroad cars pulled by horses.
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Who was included in America's rising middle class?
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Doctors, lawyers, engineers, managers, social workers, architects, and teachers.
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What were the living conditions of the working class?
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The living conditions of the working class is in crowded tenements/apartments.
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What threats were presented by city living, especially for the working poor?
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The risks of crime, fire, disease, violence, and pollution.
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What happened to the murder rate between 1880 and 1900?
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It jumped from 25 per million people to more than 100 per million people; it multiplied by four times.
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What did Jacob Riis accuse of causing poverty, corruption, and suffering?
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Jacob accused saloons of doing those things.
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What was a political machine?
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A political machine is an informal political group designed to gain and keep power.
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What was an example of outright fraud among party bosses?
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When party bosses accepted bribes from contractors.
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What organization was headed by William "Boss" Tweed?
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Tammany Hall, the New York City Democratic political machine.
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What were two benefits of political machines, according to their defenders?
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They provided necessary services and helped to acquire the masses of new city peopl
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Who wrote more than one hundred books expressing the idea of individualism in American society?
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Horatio Alger wrote more than 100 books.
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What was the catchphrase for the concept of Social Darwinism?
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"Survival of the fittest."
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Why did Andrew Carnegie donate millions of dollars for philanthropy?
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He wanted to help those give people information people needed to get ahead in life.
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Who was considered to be an incomparable genius for works such as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?
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Samual Clemens/Mark Twain.
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Where could people go to find free toilets and water for their horses?
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People went to saloons to find free toilets and water for their horses.
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Why did outdoor games such as tennis and golf become popular in the late 1800s?
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As work become less tough, many people looked for physical exercise.
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What term was used to describe government jobs that were handed out after an election victory?
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Spoils of office.
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What is the nickname for the Republican Party?
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The "Mugwumps."
