Honors Biology Biochemistry – Flashcards
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organic compound
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Compound that contains carbon bonded to hydrogen and is found in living things
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polymer
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Large molecule made up of smaller building blocks or monomers
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carbohydrate
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An essential structural component of many cells and source of quick energy; ratio of 2H:1O
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monosaccharide
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Building block of carbohydrates; Monomer Simple sugar can be glucose, galactose or fructose Chemical formula is C6H12O6
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polysaccharide
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Large carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides; Polymer; ex. starch, glycogen, and cellulose
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glucose
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Monosaccharide or simple sugar; Blood sugar; Monomer; Building block for starch, glycogen and cellulose
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starch
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Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Food storage molecule for plants; Turns iodine from orange to black
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glycogen
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Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Used by animals to store carbohydrates in the liver and skeletal muscles
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cellulose
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Polysaccharide made of glucose molecules; Polymer; Provides support in plants; Fiber; Can't be digested by humans
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protein
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An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids; Principal component of all cell membranes, includes enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin, muscle
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amino acid
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Building block or monomer of a protein; 20 occur naturally; Basic structural unit consists of a central carbon with a hydrogen, R-group, amine group and carboxyl group
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polypeptide
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Polymer of a protein; Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
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hemoglobin
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Specialized protein that carries oxygen; Found in red blood cells; Polymer
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enzyme
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biological catalyst; Group of proteins speed up chemical reactions by decreasing activation energy; Often ends in "ase"
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activation energy
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Energy needed to start a chemical reaction
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catalyst
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Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
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reactant
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Chemical that enter a chemical reaction
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product
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Chemical that result from a chemical reaction
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substrate
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Reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme
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active site
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Location on an enzyme where the substrate binds
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lipid
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Very large organic molecule; Insoluble in water; Used for long term energy storage; Includes fats, oils, steroids and waxes,
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fatty acid
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With glycerol, make up the building blocks (monomers) of lipids
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nucleic acid
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An organic compound made of one or two chains of nucleotides; No indicator
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nucleotide
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Building block or monomer of a nucleic acid; Includes a simple sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
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A double stranded nucleic acid found in all cells; Carries the organism's genetic information
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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
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A single-stranded nucleic acid; Interprets the code stored in DNA and allows for the synthesis of proteins
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monomer
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small molecular unit that is the building block of a larger molecule
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polymer
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large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together
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dehydration synthesis
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A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule; for each bond broken one water molecule must be removed
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hydrolysis
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a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water.
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peptide bond
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covalent bond formed between amino acids
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dipeptide
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2 amino acids bonded together
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polypeptide
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A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
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denatured
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when a protein loses its natural shape due to changes in temperature, salinity, or pH
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steroid
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lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings; cholesterol forms the basis of steroids; makes up many sex hormones and vitamin D
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hydrophobic
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"water fearing" avoids water molecules
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hydrophilic
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hydrophilic
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alcohol
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OH
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carboxyl group
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COOH
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amino group
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NH2 or NH3
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condensation
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removal of water to form bonds also referred to as dehydration synthesis
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alpha helix
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Spiral shape of protein that forms secondary structure due to hydrogen bonds between the oxygen of one amino acid and hydrogen of another
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beta pleated sheets
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Accordian-like secondary protein structure that forms as a result of hydrogen bonds between oxygen of one amino acid and hydrogen of another amino acid
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isomers
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Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas
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chitin
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complex polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi
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covalent bond
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A bond between two atoms that is the result of sharing of electrons
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ionic bond
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An electrostatic attraction between two atoms that results when atoms completely lose or gain electrons
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hydrogen bond
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An intermolecular attraction that occurs between two molecules that results when hydrogen is bonded to either nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine and as a result electrons spend more time around the N, O and F and the molecule ends up with a positive pole around the hydrogen and a negative pole around the N, O, and F. As a result molecules are attracted to each other.
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saturated fatty acids
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long chains of carbon and hydrogen that have all single bonds around the carbon atoms; contain a carboxyl group at one end; found in triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and steroids; solid at room temperature
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unsaturated fatty acids
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long chains of carbon and hydrogen that have at least one double bond between the carbon atoms; contain a carboxyl group at one end; found in triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and steroids; liquid at room temperature
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polar molecule
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molecule with a positively charged region and negative charged region that results when electrons are not shared equally
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non-polar molecule
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molecules that share electrons equally and as a result to not have regions of the molecule that are charged
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dissacharides
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two sugars/monosaccharides bonded together by a covalent bond; include lactose, sucrose and maltose
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ATP
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energy
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valence electrons
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electrons found in outermost energy level that are involved in bonding
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hydrolysis
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process in which water is added and acts like a knife to break the bond between the monomers; one water is required to break a single bond
