Honors Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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The difference between the study of anatomy and physiology
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Anatomy is the study of the structures, while physiology is the study of the functions of these structures
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The Levels of Organization in the Human Body
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Atoms Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ Systems Organism
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What is Hematopoiesis
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The formation of blood cells in the living body and is made in the skeletal system
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What are the necessary life functions?
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Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth
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What are the five survival needs?
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Nutrients (food) Oxygen Water Body Temperature Atmospheric Pressure
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What is homeostasis?
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The maintenance of stable internal environments
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What two body systems control homeostasis?
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Nervous and Endocrine Systems
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What is the order of the homeostatic control system?
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Stimulus, Receptor, Afferent Pathway, Control Center, Efferent Pathway, Effectors, Response
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What is the element of the homeostatic feedback mechanism that detects change?
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Receptor
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What is the element of the homeostatic feedback mechanism that sets the normal range?
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Control Center
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What is the element of the homeostatic feedback mechanism that is usually a gland?
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Effector
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What type of feedback operates in such a way to shut off or reduce the initial stimulus?
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Negative Feedback
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What type of feedback mechanism operates to enhance or increase the original stimulus?
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Positive Feedback
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Body is erect with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward is an example of what?
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Anatomical Position
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Vertebral is describing what?
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Spine
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Antecubital is describing what?
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Front of the elbow
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Scapular is describing what?
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Shoulder blade
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Thoracic is describing what?
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Chest
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Peroneal is describing what?
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Side of the leg
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Gluteal is describing what?
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Buttocks
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Popliteal is describing what?
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Back of the knee
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Sural is describing what?
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Calf
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Sternal is describing what?
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Breastbone
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Tarsal is describing what?
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Ankle
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Inguinal is describing what?
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Groin area
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The lungs are ______ to the heart.
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Lateral
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The heart is ________ to the lungs.
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Medial
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The wrist is ______ to the elbow.
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Distal
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The knee is ________ to the ankle.
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Proximal
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Ventral Body Cavity includes
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Cranial, Thoracic cavity, Abdominal cavity and Abdominiopelvic cavity
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Dorsal Body Cavity Includes
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Spinal Cavity, Pelvic Cavity
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What is a section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into right and left parts?
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Sagittal plane
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What type of section could used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic?
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Transversal/Cross-Section
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____ are compounds that release hydrogen ions (protons) when dissolved in water
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Acids
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What is the sub-unit of a carbohydrate?
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Simple Sugars or Monosaccarides
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What is the sub-unit of a protein?
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Amino Acids
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What is the sub-unit of a lipid?
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Fatty Acids and glycerol?
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What is the sub-unit of a nucleic acid?
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Nucleotides
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Hemoglobin is a type of what?
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Protein
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Starch is a type of what?
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Carbohydrate
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Triglycerides are a type of what?
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Carbohydrates
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Collagen is a type of what?
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Protein
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Keratin is a type of what?
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Protein
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What are the four types of tissue found in the human body?
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Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
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What is the function of epithelial tissue?
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Protection, Absorption, Filtration, and Secretion
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What is the function of connective tissue?
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Binding tissues together, support and protection
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What is the function of muscle tissue?
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to produce movement
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What is the function of nervous tissue?
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send and receive messages to other areas of the body
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What type of tissue it well vascularized and has an extensive matrix?
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Connective tissue
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What tissue is found lining body organs, covering the body surfaces or is found covering glandular surfaces?
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Epithelial tissue
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What type of tissue contains intercalated disks?
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Cardiac muscle tissue
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What are the six types of connective tissue?
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blood areolar bone (oseous) adipose cartilage dense connective
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What are the four types of body membranes?
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Cutaneous Mucous Serous Synovial
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Cutaneous membrane contains what type of tissues?
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Epithelial
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Mucous membrane contains what type of tissues?
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epithelial and connective
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Serous membrane contains what type of tissues?
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epithelial and connective
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Synovial membrane contains what type of tissues?
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Connective
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The outer membrane that is in contact with the cavity wall is called the ____ membrane
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parietal
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The inner membrane that is in contact with the organ is called the ____ membrane
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visceral
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Where would you find the parietal pericardium?
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the heart
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Where would you find the parietal pleura?
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the lungs
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Where would you find the visceral peritoneum?
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abdominal organs
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What protein waterproofs the skin?
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Keratin
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What type of tissue makes up the external skin region?
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stratified squamous epithelial
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What layer of the skin is lacking blood supply?
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Epidermis
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How does the epidermis get nutrients?
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Diffusion of blood from underlying dermis
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What are the layers of the epidermis from the outermost layer to the innermost layer? (Come Let's Get Sun Burnt)
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Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale
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Acne is an inflammation of the _____ glands?
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Sebacceous
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The papillary layer of the dermis has structures called the ____ that creates fingerprints.
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Dermal Papillae
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What are the two most life threatening concerns if a person has severe burns?
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Dehydration and infection
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What clues would indicate that a person has melanoma?
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Asymmetry Border Irregularity Color Diameter > 6mm
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
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Support, Storage (minerals and fats), Blood cell production (hematopoeisis)
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Vertebrae are considered what type of bone?
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Irregular bones
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Ankles are considered what type of bone?
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Short bones
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What type of marrow functions to produce blood cells?
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Red marrow
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What type of marrow functions to store fat tissue?
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Yellow marrow
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How is compact bone characterized?
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Smooth, homogeneous look
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How is spongy bone characterized?
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spongy, porous, trabeculae
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What would the presence of an epiphyseal plate indicate?
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Growth
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What is the functioning unit of bone?
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Osteon
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The middle of an osteon is a canal which contains?
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Blood vessels and nerve fibers
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The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called?
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lacunae
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What two hormones control the growth of long bones?
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Growth and sex hormones
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What two types of bone cells control remodelling?
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Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts
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What three factors affect bone remodeling?
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Mechanical stress, Diet and hormones
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An excess of parathyroid hormone can ____ bone breakdown by causing _____ activity of osteoclasts
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increase, increase
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What are the five regions of the vertebral column from superior to inferior?
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Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx
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How many are there of the cervical vertebrae?
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7
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How many are there of the thoracic vertebrae?
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12
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How many are there of the lumbar vertebrae?
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5
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The mastoid process is a landmark found on the ____ bone
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temporal
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What are the two types of involuntary muscle tissue?
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Smooth and cardiac
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Which connective tissue surrounds an individual muscle cell?
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Endomysium
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What is the area between two z lines called? (Also known as the functional contracting unit of muscle)
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Sarcomere
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What are thin filaments also called?
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Actin
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What are thick filaments also called?
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Myosin
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What is the joint movement that decreases an angle between two bones?
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Flexion
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What is the joint movement that increases the angle between two bones?
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Extension
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What is the joint movement where you are moving away from the midline of your body?
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Abduction
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What is the joint movement where your palms are facing down?
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Pronation
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What is the joint movement where your toes are pulling towards the shin?
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Dorsiflexion
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What is the joint movement where you are pointing your toes?
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Plantarflexion
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The term central nervous system refers to the what?
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brain and spinal cord
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What is the part of the neuron that normally receives the stimuli?
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Dendrites
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What is the mass of white lipid material that insulate the axon of a neuron?
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Myelin Sheath
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What is a neuron whose primary function is connection other neurons?
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association or interneuron
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What is the first step of action potential?
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Sodium channels open and sodium diffuses inward
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What is the second step of action potential?
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The membrane becomes depolarized
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What is the third step of action potential?
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Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell
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What is the last step of action potential?
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The membrane becomes repolarized
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What are the three major parts of the brain stem?
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Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
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What lobe of the brain contains the primary motor area?
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Frontal lobe
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What does Broca's Area control?
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Speech
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What part of the brain controls temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst?
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Hypothalamus
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What part of the brain is the vital center for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure?
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Medulla oblongata
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What part of the nervous system controls the "fight or flight" response?
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Autonomic Nervous System
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What is the clear anterior portion of the sclera called?
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cornea
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Where is the "blind spot" of the eye located?
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Optic nerve
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What is the portion of the eye that regulates the amounts of light entering the eye?
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Iris
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Where is the greatest visual acuity found in the eye?
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Fovea Centralis
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What is the white of the eye called?
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sclera
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What is the blood rich tunic that contains dark pigment to prevent light from scattering?
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choroid tunic
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What is the flexible, biconvex-crystal like structure of the eye that focuses images on the retina?
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lens
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What is the order that light passes as it enters the eye?
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cornea aqueous humor lens vitreous humor
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What major processes do hormones control?
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maintaining electrolyte balance growth and development mobilizing body defenses against stressors regulates cellular metabolism
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What type of feedback usually regulates hormone concentrations in the body?
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negative feedback
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What gland is located in "turk's saddle" of the sphenoid bone?
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pituitary gland
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What is the hormone that triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary?
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leutenizing hormone
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What is the antagonist hormone to calcitonin?
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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What hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
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Melatonin
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What hormone causes a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose?
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Insulin
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What are the receiving chambers of the heart?
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the atrium
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What are the discharging chambers of the heart?
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the ventricles
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What are valves in the heart for?
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prevent the backflow of blood
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The mitral valve is located where?
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in between the left ventricle and left atrium
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What is the pacemaker of the heart?
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SA Node
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What is the pathway of an impulse in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart, starting with the SA (sinoatrial node)? Save His Bundles Please
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SA Node AV Node Bundle of His Purkinje Fibers
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What is the lub sound of the heart?
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Closing of Atrioventricular valves
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What is the dub sound of the heart?
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Closing of Semilunar valves
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What is the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat of the heart called?
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stroke volume
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What is the pathway of blood flow in the vascular system?
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(Goes from): Arteries Arterioles Capillary Beds Venules Veins
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What blood vessel has the highest blood pressure?
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arteries
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What is the order in which food passes through the alimentary canal?
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Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestines Large Intestines Anus
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What is the primary function of the small intestine?
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Nutrient absorption
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What do swallowing and peristalsis both assist in?
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Propulsion
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What are the male gonads?
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Testes
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What are the female gonads?
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Ovareis
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The endocrine function of the testes is what?
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Testosterone production
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The exocrine function of the testes is what?
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Sperm production
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The "sperm forming factories" of the male reproductive system is called?
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Testes (interstitial cells)
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What is the order of the male duct system? (inside to outside)
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Epididymis Vas Deferens Urethra
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What is the layer of the uterus that sloughs off on a monthly basis?
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Endometrium
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What is the hormone that is responsible for ovulation?
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Leutenizing hormone
