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Maintaining internal environment even if external environment changes

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Homeostasis

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When homeostasis is not maintained

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Illness or Death

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The body operates within normal ranges when a change occurs that takes the body out of the normal ranges, the body will compensate for these changes, by negative feedback

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Homeostasis works by

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the compensation for the body not being in a normal range, Negative feedback is a good thing

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Negative Feedback

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Adult: 60-90 bpm --men: 60-70 bpm --women: 65-80 bpm Children 1-7 years old: 80-110 Children over 7 years old: 70-90 Infants: 100-160

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Normal Heart Ranges

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Abnormally slow heart rate, less than 60 bpm

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Bradycardia

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Abnormally fast heart rate, more than 100 bpm

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Tachycardia

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The balance between heat lost and heat produced by the body

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Temperature

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If temperature isn't in homeostasis, the body can't function properly. Rates of chemical reactions in the body are regulated by body temperature.

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Importance of Temperature in Homeostasis

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97.00-100.00 Degrees Fahrenheit

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Temperature Range

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Genetics, Time of day, parts of the body

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Temperature affected by

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Perspiration, Respiration, Excretion, Blood vessel dilation

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Heat is lost from the body by

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Muscle Activity, Metabolism of Food, Gland Activity, Blood Vessel Constriction

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Heat is produced from the body by

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Low body temperature below 95 degrees measured rectally, death usually occurs below 93 degrees

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Hypothermia

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When the body temperature exceeds 104 degrees measured rectally

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Hyperthermia

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Fever usually caused by infection or injury. Pyrexia is a good thing, it fights off infection.

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Pyrexia

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Controls the temperature in the body

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Hypothalamus

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If it gets too high it will turn into hyperthermia which is where you really need to be concerned

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Pyrexia can be a bad thing

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The process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs and respiratory tract. One respiration is one inspiration and one expiration.

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Respirations

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Breathing in, inhale

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Inspiration

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Breathing out, exhale

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Expiration

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Adults: 12-20 breaths per minute Children: 16-25 breaths per minute Infants: 30-50 breaths per minute

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The normal respiration ranges

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Character, the quality and depth of repirations, Rythm the spacing between breaths, Rate, how fast the breathing is

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Three things to check for when taking Respirations

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Difficult or labored breathing

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Dyspnea

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Absence of respirations

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Apnea

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Abnormally fast breathing

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Tachypnea

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Abnormally slow breathing

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Bradypnea

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Severe dyspnea in which breathing is very difficult in any position other than sitting or standing erect

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Orthopnea

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Periods of dyspnea followed by periods of apnea

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Cheyne-Stokes Respirations

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Bubbling or noisy sounds caused by fluids or mucus in the air passages

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Rales

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Dyspnea with a high pitched whistling or sighing sound during respiration

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Wheezing

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A bluish discoloration of the skin as a result of decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide in the blood

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Cyanosis

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Keep in mind to make sure the patient is unaware of you taking their respirations, and make sure you are not listening to bowel sounds

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When taking respirations

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Taken on the wrist, lateral

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Radial Pulse

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Taken on the neck, medial between the jaw bone and chin

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Carotid Pulse

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Taken on the chest

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Apical Pulse

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Where a patients apical pulse is faster than the patients radial pulse. You would assess whether a patient has a pulse deficit by taking both th apical pulse and the radial pulse.

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Pulse Deficit

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You begin to breath more rapidly taking in more oxygen for the muscles eventually your respirations increase to where they can not go any higher or else you can die eventually your muscles will get exhausted and you will have to stop

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Maintenance of homeostasis when you exercise

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A-Alert-Eyes are open V-Verbal-Response to verbal stimuli P-Pain-Response to painful stimuli U-Unresponsive-Does not respond to any stimuli

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Acronym for LOC

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Alert Oriented, Alert to person, place, time, events. Knows who they are, where they are, general time, and the events to where they are or what happened to them

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A/O X 4

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Stomach

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gastr-

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Heart

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Cardi-

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Enlarged

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Megal-

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Inflammed

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-itis

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Skin

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Dermat-

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Surgical Repair

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Plast-

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Brain

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Cerebr-

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Disease

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Path-

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Surgical removal

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-ectomy

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Intestine

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Enter-

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Abnormal Condition

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-osis

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Cut into

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-otomy

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Gland

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Aden-

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Vessel

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Angi-

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Tumor

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-oma

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Kidney

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Nephr-

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Liver

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Hepat-

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Joint

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Arthr-

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Eyelid

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Blephar-

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Specialist

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-ologist

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Nose

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Rhin-

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Gum

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Gingiv-

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Soft

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-malacia

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Study of

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-ology

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Involuntary contractions

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-spasm

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Pain

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-algia

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Skull

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Crani-

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Inside, within

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End-

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Half

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Hemi-

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Like, resembling

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Oid-

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Above more than normal, excessive

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Hyper-

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Sac containing fluid, urinary bladder

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Cyst-

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Bile, Gull Bladder

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Chole-

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Under, beneath, deficient

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Hypo-

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observe

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-scop

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Uterus

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Hyster-

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Create an opening

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-ostomy

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Beside, Beyond

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Para-

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Loosening, destruction

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-lysis

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Neck

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Cervic-

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Cartilage

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Chondr-

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Blue

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Cyan-

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Blood

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Hem(at)-

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Bone

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Ost-

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Mind

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Psycho-

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Fat

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Lip-

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Muscle

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My-

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Stone

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Lith-

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Eye

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Ophthalm-

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Anus

answer

Proct-

Homeostasis Study Guide – Flashcards

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