Flashcards and Answers – History Test 3
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What were the watchwords of President Roosevelt and his New Deal advisers?
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Action, experiment, and improvise
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The Emergency Banking Act and the Glass-Steagall Banking Act both modified the American banking system to allow
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banks to be operated privately with the support of federal funding while implementing more stringent regulation of their practices.
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Franklin Roosevelt's "fireside chats," which quickly became a fixture of his administration,
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enabled Roosevelt to build a rapport with millions of ordinary Americans.
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By what method did the Securities and Exchange Commission try to reform the stock market in the 1930s?
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Monitoring all stock transactions
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For what reason did business leaders continue to criticize the New Deal even as their economic situation improved?
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Fears of government regulation, higher taxes, and union organization
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What was the impact of the American Liberty League's well-financed publicity campaign in the 1930s?
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It underscored the divisions between the business community and the Roosevelt administration.
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The failure of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) demonstrated that
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American businesses would not yield their autonomy voluntarily.
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What allowed the Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA) to fare better than the NRA?
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The disbursement of allotment checks and rising farm produce prices engendered loyalty among farmers large enough to qualify for the program.
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In addition to providing public works jobs for unemployed Americans, what other kinds of jobs did the Works Progress Administration create?
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The WPA gave jobs to many artists to make use of their talents for public benefit.
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Which groups of people joined unions after the passage of the Wagner Act in 1935?
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Unskilled factory workers including immigrants, women, and African Americans
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Which incident facilitated the United Auto Workers (UAW) successful unionization efforts at General Motors in 1937?
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A "sit-down" strike that crippled production on the main assembly plant in Flint, Michigan
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Why did economic conservatives and the Republican Party oppose Social Security?
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They believed it would give the government too much control over private property and destroy Americans' work ethic.
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In what way did President Roosevelt characterize his administration during the election campaign of 1936?
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Heroic and righteous in its efforts to combat the greedy capitalists who lusted for power
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For what reason did President Roosevelt want to change the composition of the Supreme Court?
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He felt that the actions of the Court against New Deal programs threatened the ability of Congress to act effectively in times of emergency.
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Factors that began to work against the expansion of New Deal programs included
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antagonism between conservatives and New Dealers, as well as Roosevelt's own conviction that the depression was largely over.
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How did Roosevelt signal a halt to New Deal reforms in his annual message to Congress in January of 1939?
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He warned about the threats posed by fascism in Europe and proposed massive new defense expenditures.
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By what means did Franklin Roosevelt take action against the Great Depression in his capacity as governor of New York?
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Providing $20 million for the poor and unemployed through the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration
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Aware of fascist or Communist plans some European leaders used to combat the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt's supporters thought that he
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would use government to rescue American democracy and capitalism.
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What made Democrats attending the July 1932 nominating convention in Chicago optimistic about their prospects for victory in the upcoming presidential election?
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President Hoover was deeply unpopular.
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In the election of 1932, Franklin Roosevelt defeated Herbert Hoover
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by winning 57 percent of the popular vote and close to 90 percent of the electoral votes.
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What did the Civilian Conservation Corps offered unemployed men in the 1930s?
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The chance to be paid for useful work building dams, planting trees, and constructing roads
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For what purpose was the New Deal's Tennessee Valley Authority designed?
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To build hydroelectric power dams along the Tennessee River
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The "domestic allotment plan," which formed the centerpiece of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) did what?
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Paid farmers to take land out of production
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New Dealers hoped that the National Recovery Administration (NRA) would produce a collective social conscience among businesses through
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coordination of management, labor, and the federal government.
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With which group did the Supreme Court side in its 1936 decision against the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?
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Agricultural processors and distributors
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What was the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union's criticism of the AAA?
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The AAA enriched large farmers at the expense of smaller ones.
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What did Father Charles Coughlin do in his Depression era radio broadcasts that gained him widespread popular support?
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He spoke against villainous "predatory capitalists."
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What actions made Huey P. Long, the governor of Louisiana in the 1930s, a nationally known political figure?
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Building roads, hospitals, and schools
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In 1937, the Supreme Court ruled that the Social Security system was
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legal and allowed Congress to tax all citizens to pay for the program.
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For what reason did President Franklin D. Roosevelt want to enact comprehensive tax reform in the 1930s?
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He saw both societal and political advantages to breaking up the large fortunes of the country's wealthiest citizens
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How did New Deal programs and the efforts of the Roosevelt administration affect African Americans in the 1930s?
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Roosevelt increased their representation in the federal government but failed to improve their overall economic and social status
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What development created a major change in the circumstances of Native Americans during the New Deal?
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The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which tried to reverse the assimilationist goals of the Dawes Act
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After steady economic recovery through 1936, what was the outcome of President Roosevelt's post-election retreat from deficit spending?
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A downturn in national income and production that reversed many of the gains brought by the New Deal
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The economic model developed in the 1930s by John Maynard Keynes advocated
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government intervention to revive production, boost consumption, and restore prosperity.
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Which groups were exempted from the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act in order to guarantee its passage through Congress?
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Merchant seamen, fishermen, domestic help, and farm laborers
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President Roosevelt never was able to escape his need for southern political support, which tainted the New Deal with a legacy of
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failing to address racial injustice.
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What event followed Franklin Roosevelt's cooling of support for the League of Nations in 1932?
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Japan's and Germany's withdrawal from the league.
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President Roosevelt's good neighbor policy suggested a shift from previous administrations that had
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used military force in Latin American nations.
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What did the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 give the president the power to do?
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Reduce American tariffs for countries that would lower their tariffs on American exports in return
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In September 1938, Neville Chamberlain, the British prime minister, offered Adolf Hitler terms of "appeasement," which included the stipulation that Hitler
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leave the rest of Czechoslovakia alone.
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Which of these factors helped the undermanned and outgunned Royal Air Force to defeat the Germans in the Battle of Britain
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New radar technology and access to Germany's military plans
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What did the revision of the Neutrality Act of 1937 allow belligerent nations to purchase from the United States on a cash-and-carry basis?
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arms and nonmilitary supplies
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In 1942, President Roosevelt issued an executive order that all Americans of Japanese descent be rounded up and
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confined in "relocation centers."
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Women who joined the military during World War II
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served in many different capacities but were barred from combat duty.
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During World War II, military policy relegated African Americans to performing menial tasks in
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segregated units.
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Which of the following tasks was the War Production Board's responsibility during World War II?
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Setting production priorities and pushing for maximum output
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After it conquered the oil-rich Dutch East Indies in 1942, where did Japan next aim its sights?
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Australia and New Zealand
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What was the American military officials' strategy to reverse the Japanese advance in the Pacific in 1942?
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To focus on two different areas of the Pacific
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Which of the following strategic questions did the Allies have to resolve in the campaign against the Nazis in 1942?
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When to take the step of opening a second front
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What new job opportunities did the wartime economy create for American women during the years 1941-1945?
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Factory work on production lines
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How did the war overseas between 1941 and 1945 affect the U.S. domestic economy?
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World War II dramatically expanded American employment and wages.
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During the 1940s, the majority of African Americans migrated to
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northern and western cities.
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What did African Americans' migration to defense jobs in industrial cities bring them along with economic progress?
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Racial antagonism
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Which battle resulted from Hitler's attack late in 1944 on a crucial Allied supply port?
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Battle of the Bulge.
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What did Stalin promise to Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference in February 1945?
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He would allow the self-determination of eastern European countries.
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What was the name of the new international organization the "Big Three" agreed to create during the Yalta Conference in 1945?
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United Nations
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What did the U.S. Senate's 1933 Nye committee conclude?
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The real motivation for U.S. involvement in World War I was the greed of American munitions makers, bankers, and financiers.
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What did Congress hope to avoid by passing the Neutrality Act of 1937?
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A complete ban on foreign trade
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What kind of response did President Roosevelt receive when he suggested, in a 1937 speech in Chicago, that the United States government should be more assertive toward aggressor nations?
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A storm of protest from isolationists who charged Roosevelt with betraying "Americanism"
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In his campaign for an unprecedented third term as president, Franklin Roosevelt tried to
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allay Americans' fears that he would quickly lead them into war.
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What was the Roosevelt administration hoping to achieve with the 1941 Lend-Lease Act?
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Roosevelt wanted Britain to obtain arms from the United States without paying cash.
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What made the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor a serious strategic error?
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It galvanized American support for full-scale entry into World War II.
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What did Roosevelt's "Dr. Win-the-War" strategy achieve that had not already been accomplished by the New Deal?
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Full employment and economic recovery
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Where did the majority of Japanese Americans live in 1941?
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Hawaii
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What was the function of the Selective Service Act of 1940?
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It registered men of military age to be drafted into the armed services.
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How were gay Americans involved in World War II?
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Gay Americans served in all branches of the military.
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What occurred after Japan's assault on the Philippines in 1942?
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Thousands of American and Filipino prisoners died during a sixty-five-mile march to a concentration camp.
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In October and November 1942, the British stopped German General Erwin Rommel in Egypt, preventing his
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capture of the Suez Canal.
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When they met in Casablanca in 1943, what did the Allied leaders agree to as their next course of action?
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Roosevelt and Churchill decided the Allies would invade Italy first
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Republicans viewed the war years as an opportunity to do what?
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Roll back New Deal reforms
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To ensure his success in the 1944 presidential campaign, President Roosevelt decided to replace his current vice president, Henry Wallace, with which new running mate?
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Harry S. Truman
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How did U.S. officials respond to initial reports of the Holocaust—the mass murder of Jews and others deemed "undesirable" by the Nazis?
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U.S. officials discounted the reports as exaggerations and refused to ease immigration restrictions.
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What was the total number of civilian victims—including Jews, gays, gypsies, and religious and political dissenters—exterminated by the Nazis?
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11 million
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What gave the Allies a tactical advantage over the Germans going into D-Day?
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The large deployment of Nazi troops in the east left the western front without enough troops, and the Luftwaffe had already been decimated by Allied air raids.
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In the 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf, Allied forces captured two vital island strongholds within bombing range of Japan including Okinawa and
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Iwo Jima.
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Three days after the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb that killed 78,000 Japanese people, American airmen dropped a second atomic bomb on what city? Three days after the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb that killed 78,000 Japanese people, American airmen dropped a second atomic bomb on what city?
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Nagasaki
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At the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union each had a vision of the postwar world that
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was shaped by suspicion, distrust, and antagonism toward the other.
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Which of the following strategies did Americans believe Britain and France should have pursued to prevent the outbreak of World War II?
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Britain and France should have resisted Hitler's initial aggression in Austria and Czechoslovakia.
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After World War II, Joseph Stalin felt that U.S. officials' insistence that he permit democratic elections in Eastern Europe was
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hypocritical
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What issue formed the crux of American and Soviet policymakers' 1946 disputes over Germany's future?
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Reindustrialization
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George F. Kennan was the diplomat responsible for which post-WWII foreign policy strategy?
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Containment
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The European Recovery Program approved by Congress in March 1948 did which one of the following things?
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Helped to restore the economies of sixteen Western European nations
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How did President Truman respond when Jews in Palestine declared the independent state of Israel in May 1948?
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Truman recognized the new country immediately
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Which of the following sums up Harry S. Truman's approach to domestic policy at the end of World War II?
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Truman worked to expand the social and economic powers the U.S. government had gained during the New Deal and the war.
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With regard to postwar economic problems, most Americans placed the blame for rising prices and shortages of consumer goods on
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organized labor
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The federal government made a landmark commitment to address the housing needs of the poor with congressional approval of what policy?
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The Housing Act of 1949
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The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 provided what to the 16 million returning World War II veterans?
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Funding for education or job training, unemployment compensation, and access to government loans
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Why did the GI Bill fail to benefit African American and white veterans equally?
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State- and local-level GI program administrators and providers discriminated against African Americans.
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How did Republicans during the postwar period try to undermine New Deal programs and Democrats in general?
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By associating both with communism
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What did the Supreme Court rule in Dennis v. United States (1951), a case involving a Communist Party leader who had been found guilty of violating the Smith Act?
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The Communist threat in America outweighed constitutional guarantees.
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Which political leader instigated the June 1950 invasion of 90,000 North Koreans into South Korea?
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Kim Il-Sung
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How did the United States take advantage of the Soviet Union's absence from the UN Security Council in June 1950?
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It obtained UN sponsorship of a military defense of South Korea.
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With the help of the Chinese, the North Koreans drove the UN forces back into South Korea and recaptured
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Seoul.
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What was the significance of Truman's decision to dispatch troops to Korea without an official declaration of war from Congress?
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Truman's decision violated the spirit of the Constitution and contributed to the expansion of executive power that became characteristic of the Cold War.
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By the end of the Korean War in 1953, U.S. defense spending had risen to $50 billion, representing what percent of the total federal budget?
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70 percent
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The experience of the Korean War induced the Truman administration to
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expand its role in Asia by aiding the French forces fighting in Indochina.
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What was the principle behind the policy of deterrence?
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One's own nuclear arsenal had to be more powerful than that of one's opponent in order to deter either from attacking.
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Why did Truman approve the development of a hydrogen bomb in 1950?
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Truman was concerned about America's loss of its monopoly on nuclear weapons.
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Regional military alliances were the practical realization of an important component of which postwar military strategy?
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Collective security
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What was the goal of The National Security Act of 1947?
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To streamline defense planning by uniting the military branches under a single secretary of defense
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The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was the part of the government's postwar national security plan intended to
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develop an espionage network and deter communism through covert activities.
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Which of the following occurrences facilitated the victory of Communist Mao Zedong and his supporters at the end of the civil war in China in 1949?
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The Communists' resistance against the Japanese during World War II and their land reform efforts
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By 1948, the United States had shifted its focus in Japan from trying to reform the Japanese government and decentralize the country's economy to
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restoring Japan's industrial capabilities.
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When did President Truman's 1948 executive order to desegregate the armed forces finally go into effect?
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During the Korean War
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What caused the growth of African Americans' political clout during the 1940s?
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Wartime migration to northern and western cities created two million new black voters.
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Which practice did LULAC and the GI Forum convince a federal court to prohibit in Texas school districts' in 1948?
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Segregating Mexican American students in separate schools or classrooms
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Why were labor unions opposed to the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947?
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It reduced the power of organized labor and made it more difficult for unions to organize workers.
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In the 1948 election the Democratic Party split into several factions due to disagreements over
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foreign policy and civil rights
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How did the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 break with previous immigration legislation?
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It ended the ban on immigration and citizenship for the Japanese and other Asians.
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When did Truman's loyalty program, which caused more than 2,000 federal employees to lose their jobs, end?
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Mid-1950s
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How did General Douglas MacArthur respond to President Truman's decision to pursue a negotiated settlement to the Korean conflict that would allow Communist rule in North Korea to continue?
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MacArthur publicly challenged the president's authority
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Most Americans sided with General MacArthur on the issue of the Korean War because his attitude reinforced their belief that
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the United States was too powerful to negotiate.
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Which Democrat ran opposite General Dwight d. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election?
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Adlai Stevenson
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Why General Dwight Eisenhower decided to run for president when he believed that soldiers should stay out of politics?
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Eisenhower disliked the foreign policy views of the leading Republican candidate and Democrats' costly domestic programs.
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How had Richard M. Nixon made his name in politics by the time he became Eisenhower's running mate?
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Nixon exploited the Red scare for political gain.
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After the 1953 armistice, what made Truman judge the Korean War to be a success for containment?
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The United States demonstrated that it would help nations resisting communism.
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What was President Eisenhower's policy with regard to the domestic reforms made during the New Deal?
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He left the size and functions of the government intact.
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He left the size and functions of the government intact.
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never publicly denounced McCarthy.
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Although liberals ridiculed Dwight Eisenhower's conservatism by calling him President "Eisen-hoover," his administration
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extended the welfare state
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President Eisenhower helped to foster large tax cuts that
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favored business and the wealthy.
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How did President Eisenhower's administration approach the policy of containment?
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Eisenhower criticized containment but continued it.
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What prevented the Eisenhower administration from intervening in the Soviet suppression of the Hungarian revolt of 1956?
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Knowledge that intervention would risk American lives and nuclear war
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President Eisenhower applied the domino theory to which region?
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Southeast Asia
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Why did the Eisenhower administration accept South Vietnamese Prime Minister Diem's refusal to hold the free elections mandated by the 1954 Geneva Accords?
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There was a strong likelihood of a Communist victory.
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What led to the significant increase in the productivity of postwar American agriculture?
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Technological improvements and mechanization helped farmers to prosper.
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Which groups were among the losers during the agricultural transformations of the 1950s?
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Small farmers, southern sharecroppers, and African Americans
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In 1957, union membership as a percentage of the total labor force peaked at what level?
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27.1 percent
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In what way did William J. Levitt help to make the suburbs accessible to families with modest incomes?
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He applied assembly-line production methods to the construction of houses.
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By 1960, what did economists suggest about the American middle class?
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It had grown to include 60 percent of the U.S. population
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What development stimulated the acquisition of consumer goods by Americans in the 1950s?
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Consumer credit and indebtedness
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What did Betty Friedan's 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique, argue about American society's idealization of the roles of wife and mother?
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These idealized roles pressured women to seek fulfillment in serving others.
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What was the chronological span of the baby boom, the population surge that peaked in 1957?
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1945 to 1960
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In the South, the civil rights movement benefited from African Americans' control of
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organizational resources that were essential to organizing a mass movement
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What event symbolized the crowning achievement of The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in the 1950s?
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The Supreme Court's vote in favor of Oliver Brown in Brown v. Board of Education
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In what way did President Eisenhower bring federal intervention to the South for the first time since Reconstruction?
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He sent armed forces to oversee the integration of a public school
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What organization chose Martin Luther King Jr. to lead its efforts to coordinate local protests against segregation and disfranchisement in 1957? What organization chose Martin Luther King Jr. to lead its efforts to coordinate local protests against segregation and disfranchisement in 1957?
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Southern Christian Leadership Association
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What was one of the flaws in the Indian Claims Commission's program to repay Native Americans whose land had been taken by the U.S. government?
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The commission's monetary awards did not reflect present-day land values.
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To what did the federal government's "termination" policy refer with regard to Native Americans?
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The federal government's intention to end its trustee relationship with Indian tribes
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What was the purpose of the federal government's relocation policy, first implemented in 1948?
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Relocation promoted assimilation by encouraging Indians to move from the reservations to cities.
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Which factor led to the leadership challenges President Eisenhower faced during his second term?
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The resurgence of Democrats and an economic recession
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Which country drove out its U.S.-supported dictator during the Eisenhower years?
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Cuba
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For what reason did President Eisenhower authorize CIA agents to engage in covert activities in Iran for the purpose of undermining Mohammed Mossadegh's political power?
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To protect U.S. oil interests
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How did the Eisenhower Doctrine continue the U.S. policy of containment?
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The doctrine sought approval for American aid to any Middle Eastern nation that requested assistance against armed aggression from any Communist country
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As he left office, what did Dwight Eisenhower tell Americans about the military and the arms industry?
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They exercised too much influence on government.
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As white Americans joined the suburban migration in the 1950s, where did African Americans move?
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To cities in search of economic opportunity
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In addition to the appeal of a warm climate, what drew many Americans to the Sun Belt cities in the postwar years?
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The promise of economic opportunity
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On what basis did civil rights advocates praise the Supreme Court's ruling in Hernandez v. Texas?
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It recognized the unconstitutionality of the exclusion of Mexican Americans from juries.
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Although more and more women attended college during and after World War II,
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their number did not keep pace with the number of men attending college.
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How did social critics view the surge of interest in religion in America in the 1950s?
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They discounted it and questioned the depth of the religious revival.
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In what way did television begin to play a role in politics in the 1950s?
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Television forced candidates to raise huge sums for expensive television spots
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Intellectuals such as David Riesman criticized the popular culture of the 1950s for its celebration of which elements of American society?
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Materialism and conformity
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What did members of the Beat generation celebrate in the 1950s?
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The possibilities of spontaneity and absolute personal freedom
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What role did Jo Ann Robinson and her fellow members of the Women's Political Council play in the Montgomery boycott of 1955-1956?
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They mobilized teachers and students around Montgomery to distribute fliers calling for the city's black citizens to stay off the buses.
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How did the Montgomery Improvement Association operate during the bus boycott in 1955-1956?
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The MIA organized an alternative transportation system of volunteer car pools
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How did the Supreme Court rule in its November 1956 decision regarding the lawsuit that resulted from Rosa Parks's arrest?
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It found the relevant laws of Alabama were unconstitutional.
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What did the appearance of Martin Luther King Jr.'s face on the cover of Time magazine in February 1957 symbolize?
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The beginning of his rapid rise to national and international fame
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What did the appearance of Martin Luther King Jr.'s face on the cover of Time magazine in February 1957 symbolize?
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The beginning of his rapid rise to national and international fame
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