question

The instruction that Franklin Roosevelt received at home and at school while growing up in Hyde Park, New York, instilled in him a belief that

answer

the privileged had a duty to look after the welfare of the poor and weak.

question

How did Roosevelt's stay in Georgia for polio treatment help his political career?

answer

It allowed him to develop political relationships with southern Democrats.

question

During Roosevelt's term as governor of New York, he tried to relieve the economic strain on the needy and angered conservatives who

answer

believed that the government should stay out of the economy and let market forces run their course.

question

What were some of the characteristics of Democratic Party supporters in 1932?

answer

They were divided by region, religion, culture, and ethnicity.

question

What were the watchwords of President Roosevelt and his New Deal advisers?

answer

Action, experiment, and improvise

question

The Emergency Banking Act and the Glass-Steagall Banking Act both modified the American banking system to allow

answer

banks to be operated privately with the support of federal funding while implementing more stringent regulation of their practices.

question

Franklin Roosevelt's "fireside chats," which quickly became a fixture of his administration,

answer

enabled Roosevelt to build a rapport with millions of ordinary Americans.

question

By what method did the Securities and Exchange Commission try to reform the stock market in the 1930s?

answer

Monitoring all stock transactions

question

For what reason did business leaders continue to criticize the New Deal even as their economic situation improved?

answer

Fears of government regulation, higher taxes, and union organization

question

What was the impact of the American Liberty League's well-financed publicity campaign in the 1930s?

answer

It underscored the divisions between the business community and the Roosevelt administration.

question

The failure of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) demonstrated that

answer

American businesses would not yield their autonomy voluntarily.

question

What allowed the Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA) to fare better than the NRA?

answer

The disbursement of allotment checks and rising farm produce prices engendered loyalty among farmers large enough to qualify for the program.

question

In addition to providing public works jobs for unemployed Americans, what other kinds of jobs did the Works Progress Administration create?

answer

The WPA gave jobs to many artists to make use of their talents for public benefit.

question

Which groups of people joined unions after the passage of the Wagner Act in 1935?

answer

Unskilled factory workers including immigrants, women, and African Americans

question

Which incident facilitated the United Auto Workers (UAW) successful unionization efforts at General Motors in 1937?

answer

A "sit-down" strike that crippled production on the main assembly plant in Flint, Michigan

question

Why did economic conservatives and the Republican Party oppose Social Security?

answer

They believed it would give the government too much control over private property and destroy Americans' work ethic.

question

In what way did President Roosevelt characterize his administration during the election campaign of 1936?

answer

Heroic and righteous in its efforts to combat the greedy capitalists who lusted for power

question

For what reason did President Roosevelt want to change the composition of the Supreme Court?

answer

He felt that the actions of the Court against New Deal programs threatened the ability of Congress to act effectively in times of emergency.

question

Factors that began to work against the expansion of New Deal programs included

answer

antagonism between conservatives and New Dealers, as well as Roosevelt's own conviction that the depression was largely over.

question

How did Roosevelt signal a halt to New Deal reforms in his annual message to Congress in January of 1939?

answer

He warned about the threats posed by fascism in Europe and proposed massive new defense expenditures.

question

By what means did Franklin Roosevelt take action against the Great Depression in his capacity as governor of New York?

answer

Providing $20 million for the poor and unemployed through the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration

question

Aware of fascist or Communist plans some European leaders used to combat the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt's supporters thought that he

answer

would use government to rescue American democracy and capitalism.

question

What made Democrats attending the July 1932 nominating convention in Chicago optimistic about their prospects for victory in the upcoming presidential election?

answer

President Hoover was deeply unpopular.

question

In the election of 1932, Franklin Roosevelt defeated Herbert Hoover

answer

by winning 57 percent of the popular vote and close to 90 percent of the electoral votes.

question

What did the Civilian Conservation Corps offered unemployed men in the 1930s?

answer

The chance to be paid for useful work building dams, planting trees, and constructing roads

question

For what purpose was the New Deal's Tennessee Valley Authority designed?

answer

To build hydroelectric power dams along the Tennessee River

question

The "domestic allotment plan," which formed the centerpiece of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) did what?

answer

Paid farmers to take land out of production

question

New Dealers hoped that the National Recovery Administration (NRA) would produce a collective social conscience among businesses through

answer

coordination of management, labor, and the federal government.

question

With which group did the Supreme Court side in its 1936 decision against the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

answer

Agricultural processors and distributors

question

What was the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union's criticism of the AAA?

answer

The AAA enriched large farmers at the expense of smaller ones.

question

What did Father Charles Coughlin do in his Depression era radio broadcasts that gained him widespread popular support?

answer

He spoke against villainous "predatory capitalists."

question

What actions made Huey P. Long, the governor of Louisiana in the 1930s, a nationally known political figure?

answer

Building roads, hospitals, and schools

question

In 1937, the Supreme Court ruled that the Social Security system was

answer

legal and allowed Congress to tax all citizens to pay for the program.

question

For what reason did President Franklin D. Roosevelt want to enact comprehensive tax reform in the 1930s?

answer

He saw both societal and political advantages to breaking up the large fortunes of the country's wealthiest citizens

question

How did New Deal programs and the efforts of the Roosevelt administration affect African Americans in the 1930s?

answer

Roosevelt increased their representation in the federal government but failed to improve their overall economic and social status

question

What development created a major change in the circumstances of Native Americans during the New Deal?

answer

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which tried to reverse the assimilationist goals of the Dawes Act

question

After steady economic recovery through 1936, what was the outcome of President Roosevelt's post-election retreat from deficit spending?

answer

A downturn in national income and production that reversed many of the gains brought by the New Deal

question

The economic model developed in the 1930s by John Maynard Keynes advocated

answer

government intervention to revive production, boost consumption, and restore prosperity.

question

Which groups were exempted from the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act in order to guarantee its passage through Congress?

answer

Merchant seamen, fishermen, domestic help, and farm laborers

question

President Roosevelt never was able to escape his need for southern political support, which tainted the New Deal with a legacy of

answer

failing to address racial injustice.

question

What event followed Franklin Roosevelt's cooling of support for the League of Nations in 1932?

answer

Japan's and Germany's withdrawal from the league.

question

President Roosevelt's good neighbor policy suggested a shift from previous administrations that had

answer

used military force in Latin American nations.

question

What did the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 give the president the power to do?

answer

Reduce American tariffs for countries that would lower their tariffs on American exports in return

question

In September 1938, Neville Chamberlain, the British prime minister, offered Adolf Hitler terms of "appeasement," which included the stipulation that Hitler

answer

leave the rest of Czechoslovakia alone.

question

Which of these factors helped the undermanned and outgunned Royal Air Force to defeat the Germans in the Battle of Britain

answer

New radar technology and access to Germany's military plans

question

What did the revision of the Neutrality Act of 1937 allow belligerent nations to purchase from the United States on a cash-and-carry basis?

answer

arms and nonmilitary supplies

question

In 1942, President Roosevelt issued an executive order that all Americans of Japanese descent be rounded up and

answer

confined in "relocation centers."

question

Women who joined the military during World War II

answer

served in many different capacities but were barred from combat duty.

question

During World War II, military policy relegated African Americans to performing menial tasks in

answer

segregated units.

question

Which of the following tasks was the War Production Board's responsibility during World War II?

answer

Setting production priorities and pushing for maximum output

question

After it conquered the oil-rich Dutch East Indies in 1942, where did Japan next aim its sights?

answer

Australia and New Zealand

question

What was the American military officials' strategy to reverse the Japanese advance in the Pacific in 1942?

answer

To focus on two different areas of the Pacific

question

Which of the following strategic questions did the Allies have to resolve in the campaign against the Nazis in 1942?

answer

When to take the step of opening a second front

question

What new job opportunities did the wartime economy create for American women during the years 1941-1945?

answer

Factory work on production lines

question

How did the war overseas between 1941 and 1945 affect the U.S. domestic economy?

answer

World War II dramatically expanded American employment and wages.

question

During the 1940s, the majority of African Americans migrated to

answer

northern and western cities.

question

What did African Americans' migration to defense jobs in industrial cities bring them along with economic progress?

answer

Racial antagonism

question

Which battle resulted from Hitler's attack late in 1944 on a crucial Allied supply port?

answer

Battle of the Bulge.

question

What did Stalin promise to Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference in February 1945?

answer

He would allow the self-determination of eastern European countries.

question

What was the name of the new international organization the "Big Three" agreed to create during the Yalta Conference in 1945?

answer

United Nations

question

What did the U.S. Senate's 1933 Nye committee conclude?

answer

The real motivation for U.S. involvement in World War I was the greed of American munitions makers, bankers, and financiers.

question

What did Congress hope to avoid by passing the Neutrality Act of 1937?

answer

A complete ban on foreign trade

question

What kind of response did President Roosevelt receive when he suggested, in a 1937 speech in Chicago, that the United States government should be more assertive toward aggressor nations?

answer

A storm of protest from isolationists who charged Roosevelt with betraying "Americanism"

question

In his campaign for an unprecedented third term as president, Franklin Roosevelt tried to

answer

allay Americans' fears that he would quickly lead them into war.

question

What was the Roosevelt administration hoping to achieve with the 1941 Lend-Lease Act?

answer

Roosevelt wanted Britain to obtain arms from the United States without paying cash.

question

What made the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor a serious strategic error?

answer

It galvanized American support for full-scale entry into World War II.

question

What did Roosevelt's "Dr. Win-the-War" strategy achieve that had not already been accomplished by the New Deal?

answer

Full employment and economic recovery

question

Where did the majority of Japanese Americans live in 1941?

answer

Hawaii

question

What was the function of the Selective Service Act of 1940?

answer

It registered men of military age to be drafted into the armed services.

question

How were gay Americans involved in World War II?

answer

Gay Americans served in all branches of the military.

question

What occurred after Japan's assault on the Philippines in 1942?

answer

Thousands of American and Filipino prisoners died during a sixty-five-mile march to a concentration camp.

question

In October and November 1942, the British stopped German General Erwin Rommel in Egypt, preventing his

answer

capture of the Suez Canal.

question

When they met in Casablanca in 1943, what did the Allied leaders agree to as their next course of action?

answer

Roosevelt and Churchill decided the Allies would invade Italy first

question

Republicans viewed the war years as an opportunity to do what?

answer

Roll back New Deal reforms

question

To ensure his success in the 1944 presidential campaign, President Roosevelt decided to replace his current vice president, Henry Wallace, with which new running mate?

answer

Harry S. Truman

question

How did U.S. officials respond to initial reports of the Holocaust—the mass murder of Jews and others deemed "undesirable" by the Nazis?

answer

U.S. officials discounted the reports as exaggerations and refused to ease immigration restrictions.

question

What was the total number of civilian victims—including Jews, gays, gypsies, and religious and political dissenters—exterminated by the Nazis?

answer

11 million

question

What gave the Allies a tactical advantage over the Germans going into D-Day?

answer

The large deployment of Nazi troops in the east left the western front without enough troops, and the Luftwaffe had already been decimated by Allied air raids.

question

In the 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf, Allied forces captured two vital island strongholds within bombing range of Japan including Okinawa and

answer

Iwo Jima.

question

Three days after the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb that killed 78,000 Japanese people, American airmen dropped a second atomic bomb on what city? Three days after the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb that killed 78,000 Japanese people, American airmen dropped a second atomic bomb on what city?

answer

Nagasaki

question

At the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union each had a vision of the postwar world that

answer

was shaped by suspicion, distrust, and antagonism toward the other.

question

Which of the following strategies did Americans believe Britain and France should have pursued to prevent the outbreak of World War II?

answer

Britain and France should have resisted Hitler's initial aggression in Austria and Czechoslovakia.

question

After World War II, Joseph Stalin felt that U.S. officials' insistence that he permit democratic elections in Eastern Europe was

answer

hypocritical

question

What issue formed the crux of American and Soviet policymakers' 1946 disputes over Germany's future?

answer

Reindustrialization

question

George F. Kennan was the diplomat responsible for which post-WWII foreign policy strategy?

answer

Containment

question

The European Recovery Program approved by Congress in March 1948 did which one of the following things?

answer

Helped to restore the economies of sixteen Western European nations

question

How did President Truman respond when Jews in Palestine declared the independent state of Israel in May 1948?

answer

Truman recognized the new country immediately

question

Which of the following sums up Harry S. Truman's approach to domestic policy at the end of World War II?

answer

Truman worked to expand the social and economic powers the U.S. government had gained during the New Deal and the war.

question

With regard to postwar economic problems, most Americans placed the blame for rising prices and shortages of consumer goods on

answer

organized labor

question

The federal government made a landmark commitment to address the housing needs of the poor with congressional approval of what policy?

answer

The Housing Act of 1949

question

The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 provided what to the 16 million returning World War II veterans?

answer

Funding for education or job training, unemployment compensation, and access to government loans

question

Why did the GI Bill fail to benefit African American and white veterans equally?

answer

State- and local-level GI program administrators and providers discriminated against African Americans.

question

How did Republicans during the postwar period try to undermine New Deal programs and Democrats in general?

answer

By associating both with communism

question

What did the Supreme Court rule in Dennis v. United States (1951), a case involving a Communist Party leader who had been found guilty of violating the Smith Act?

answer

The Communist threat in America outweighed constitutional guarantees.

question

Which political leader instigated the June 1950 invasion of 90,000 North Koreans into South Korea?

answer

Kim Il-Sung

question

How did the United States take advantage of the Soviet Union's absence from the UN Security Council in June 1950?

answer

It obtained UN sponsorship of a military defense of South Korea.

question

With the help of the Chinese, the North Koreans drove the UN forces back into South Korea and recaptured

answer

Seoul.

question

What was the significance of Truman's decision to dispatch troops to Korea without an official declaration of war from Congress?

answer

Truman's decision violated the spirit of the Constitution and contributed to the expansion of executive power that became characteristic of the Cold War.

question

By the end of the Korean War in 1953, U.S. defense spending had risen to $50 billion, representing what percent of the total federal budget?

answer

70 percent

question

The experience of the Korean War induced the Truman administration to

answer

expand its role in Asia by aiding the French forces fighting in Indochina.

question

What was the principle behind the policy of deterrence?

answer

One's own nuclear arsenal had to be more powerful than that of one's opponent in order to deter either from attacking.

question

Why did Truman approve the development of a hydrogen bomb in 1950?

answer

Truman was concerned about America's loss of its monopoly on nuclear weapons.

question

Regional military alliances were the practical realization of an important component of which postwar military strategy?

answer

Collective security

question

What was the goal of The National Security Act of 1947?

answer

To streamline defense planning by uniting the military branches under a single secretary of defense

question

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was the part of the government's postwar national security plan intended to

answer

develop an espionage network and deter communism through covert activities.

question

Which of the following occurrences facilitated the victory of Communist Mao Zedong and his supporters at the end of the civil war in China in 1949?

answer

The Communists' resistance against the Japanese during World War II and their land reform efforts

question

By 1948, the United States had shifted its focus in Japan from trying to reform the Japanese government and decentralize the country's economy to

answer

restoring Japan's industrial capabilities.

question

When did President Truman's 1948 executive order to desegregate the armed forces finally go into effect?

answer

During the Korean War

question

What caused the growth of African Americans' political clout during the 1940s?

answer

Wartime migration to northern and western cities created two million new black voters.

question

Which practice did LULAC and the GI Forum convince a federal court to prohibit in Texas school districts' in 1948?

answer

Segregating Mexican American students in separate schools or classrooms

question

Why were labor unions opposed to the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947?

answer

It reduced the power of organized labor and made it more difficult for unions to organize workers.

question

In the 1948 election the Democratic Party split into several factions due to disagreements over

answer

foreign policy and civil rights

question

How did the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 break with previous immigration legislation?

answer

It ended the ban on immigration and citizenship for the Japanese and other Asians.

question

When did Truman's loyalty program, which caused more than 2,000 federal employees to lose their jobs, end?

answer

Mid-1950s

question

How did General Douglas MacArthur respond to President Truman's decision to pursue a negotiated settlement to the Korean conflict that would allow Communist rule in North Korea to continue?

answer

MacArthur publicly challenged the president's authority

question

Most Americans sided with General MacArthur on the issue of the Korean War because his attitude reinforced their belief that

answer

the United States was too powerful to negotiate.

question

Which Democrat ran opposite General Dwight d. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election?

answer

Adlai Stevenson

question

Why General Dwight Eisenhower decided to run for president when he believed that soldiers should stay out of politics?

answer

Eisenhower disliked the foreign policy views of the leading Republican candidate and Democrats' costly domestic programs.

question

How had Richard M. Nixon made his name in politics by the time he became Eisenhower's running mate?

answer

Nixon exploited the Red scare for political gain.

question

After the 1953 armistice, what made Truman judge the Korean War to be a success for containment?

answer

The United States demonstrated that it would help nations resisting communism.

question

What was President Eisenhower's policy with regard to the domestic reforms made during the New Deal?

answer

He left the size and functions of the government intact.

question

He left the size and functions of the government intact.

answer

never publicly denounced McCarthy.

question

Although liberals ridiculed Dwight Eisenhower's conservatism by calling him President "Eisen-hoover," his administration

answer

extended the welfare state

question

President Eisenhower helped to foster large tax cuts that

answer

favored business and the wealthy.

question

How did President Eisenhower's administration approach the policy of containment?

answer

Eisenhower criticized containment but continued it.

question

What prevented the Eisenhower administration from intervening in the Soviet suppression of the Hungarian revolt of 1956?

answer

Knowledge that intervention would risk American lives and nuclear war

question

President Eisenhower applied the domino theory to which region?

answer

Southeast Asia

question

Why did the Eisenhower administration accept South Vietnamese Prime Minister Diem's refusal to hold the free elections mandated by the 1954 Geneva Accords?

answer

There was a strong likelihood of a Communist victory.

question

What led to the significant increase in the productivity of postwar American agriculture?

answer

Technological improvements and mechanization helped farmers to prosper.

question

Which groups were among the losers during the agricultural transformations of the 1950s?

answer

Small farmers, southern sharecroppers, and African Americans

question

In 1957, union membership as a percentage of the total labor force peaked at what level?

answer

27.1 percent

question

In what way did William J. Levitt help to make the suburbs accessible to families with modest incomes?

answer

He applied assembly-line production methods to the construction of houses.

question

By 1960, what did economists suggest about the American middle class?

answer

It had grown to include 60 percent of the U.S. population

question

What development stimulated the acquisition of consumer goods by Americans in the 1950s?

answer

Consumer credit and indebtedness

question

What did Betty Friedan's 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique, argue about American society's idealization of the roles of wife and mother?

answer

These idealized roles pressured women to seek fulfillment in serving others.

question

What was the chronological span of the baby boom, the population surge that peaked in 1957?

answer

1945 to 1960

question

In the South, the civil rights movement benefited from African Americans' control of

answer

organizational resources that were essential to organizing a mass movement

question

What event symbolized the crowning achievement of The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in the 1950s?

answer

The Supreme Court's vote in favor of Oliver Brown in Brown v. Board of Education

question

In what way did President Eisenhower bring federal intervention to the South for the first time since Reconstruction?

answer

He sent armed forces to oversee the integration of a public school

question

What organization chose Martin Luther King Jr. to lead its efforts to coordinate local protests against segregation and disfranchisement in 1957? What organization chose Martin Luther King Jr. to lead its efforts to coordinate local protests against segregation and disfranchisement in 1957?

answer

Southern Christian Leadership Association

question

What was one of the flaws in the Indian Claims Commission's program to repay Native Americans whose land had been taken by the U.S. government?

answer

The commission's monetary awards did not reflect present-day land values.

question

To what did the federal government's "termination" policy refer with regard to Native Americans?

answer

The federal government's intention to end its trustee relationship with Indian tribes

question

What was the purpose of the federal government's relocation policy, first implemented in 1948?

answer

Relocation promoted assimilation by encouraging Indians to move from the reservations to cities.

question

Which factor led to the leadership challenges President Eisenhower faced during his second term?

answer

The resurgence of Democrats and an economic recession

question

Which country drove out its U.S.-supported dictator during the Eisenhower years?

answer

Cuba

question

For what reason did President Eisenhower authorize CIA agents to engage in covert activities in Iran for the purpose of undermining Mohammed Mossadegh's political power?

answer

To protect U.S. oil interests

question

How did the Eisenhower Doctrine continue the U.S. policy of containment?

answer

The doctrine sought approval for American aid to any Middle Eastern nation that requested assistance against armed aggression from any Communist country

question

As he left office, what did Dwight Eisenhower tell Americans about the military and the arms industry?

answer

They exercised too much influence on government.

question

As white Americans joined the suburban migration in the 1950s, where did African Americans move?

answer

To cities in search of economic opportunity

question

In addition to the appeal of a warm climate, what drew many Americans to the Sun Belt cities in the postwar years?

answer

The promise of economic opportunity

question

On what basis did civil rights advocates praise the Supreme Court's ruling in Hernandez v. Texas?

answer

It recognized the unconstitutionality of the exclusion of Mexican Americans from juries.

question

Although more and more women attended college during and after World War II,

answer

their number did not keep pace with the number of men attending college.

question

How did social critics view the surge of interest in religion in America in the 1950s?

answer

They discounted it and questioned the depth of the religious revival.

question

In what way did television begin to play a role in politics in the 1950s?

answer

Television forced candidates to raise huge sums for expensive television spots

question

Intellectuals such as David Riesman criticized the popular culture of the 1950s for its celebration of which elements of American society?

answer

Materialism and conformity

question

What did members of the Beat generation celebrate in the 1950s?

answer

The possibilities of spontaneity and absolute personal freedom

question

What role did Jo Ann Robinson and her fellow members of the Women's Political Council play in the Montgomery boycott of 1955-1956?

answer

They mobilized teachers and students around Montgomery to distribute fliers calling for the city's black citizens to stay off the buses.

question

How did the Montgomery Improvement Association operate during the bus boycott in 1955-1956?

answer

The MIA organized an alternative transportation system of volunteer car pools

question

How did the Supreme Court rule in its November 1956 decision regarding the lawsuit that resulted from Rosa Parks's arrest?

answer

It found the relevant laws of Alabama were unconstitutional.

question

What did the appearance of Martin Luther King Jr.'s face on the cover of Time magazine in February 1957 symbolize?

answer

The beginning of his rapid rise to national and international fame

question

What did the appearance of Martin Luther King Jr.'s face on the cover of Time magazine in February 1957 symbolize?

answer

The beginning of his rapid rise to national and international fame

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