History Systems Chapter 6 – Flashcards
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The ____ ask, "What's the mind made of?" whereas the ____ demand, "What does it do?"
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structuralists; functionalists
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Which of the of the following statements best summarizes the protest of functional psychology against Wundt and Titchener?
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Functional psychology claimed that Wundt's and Titchener's approaches were too restrictive because they did not study the practical value of mental processes
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Functionalism was an intentional protest of the limitations of ____.
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Wundt's experimentalism and Titchener's structuralism
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The most important consequence of functionalism was ____.
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the development of applied psychology
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Which of the following works were most influential in the development of functionalism?
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The work of Darwin and Galton and comparative research
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____, a predecessor of Darwin, speculated that all mammals had evolved from a single filament and given movement by God.
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Erasmus Darwin
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____ argued that our bodies adapt to the environment and those adaptations will be heritable.
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
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____ was an early evolutionary theorist who argued that acquired characteristics could be inherited
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
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____ was a confidant of Darwin who introduced the concept of evolution into geological theory
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Lyell
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Why, after many centuries of accepting biblical stories, did scholars question the one about Noah's ark?
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There were too many identified species to fit two of each into a boat.
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What event(s) led common people to question whether humans were really unique creatures, totally unlike other species?
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Displays of orangutans and chimpanzees became common in zoos, as well as fossil comparisons of gorilla and human skeletons
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Darwin's ideas of evolution were not new. What was new about Darwin's work was his ____.
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hard data to support such a theory
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When in England, Darwin displayed a wide variety of physical symptoms. These symptoms were probably ____.
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psychosomatic-neurotic in origin
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How many years did Darwin wait to present his theory publicly?
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22
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A theory of evolution based on natural selection was developed independently by ____.
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Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
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The essential difference between Wallace's theory of evolution and Darwin's was that the work of the former ____.
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did not have empirical data to support it
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____ is the preeminent book of Darwin's theory of evolution, which details the evolution of humans from lower forms of life
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On the Origin of Species
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The most fundamental point of Darwin's theses was the ____.
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fact of variation among members of the species
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Who predicted that humans in the future will live on the edge of starvation because the population of humans increases geometrically while the supply of food increases arithmetically?
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Malthus
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Darwin's position on Lamarck's idea that changes due to experiences can be inherited was the ____ of Lamarck's ____.
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acceptance; doctrine
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Who could be described as the driving force of England's scientific establishment?
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Huxley
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Today, scientists are sometimes portrayed as offering science as a new religion or as being enemies of religion. This stance could be traced to ____.
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Huxley
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In a public debate on evolution, ____ refuted the points made against evolution by ____.
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Huxley; Wilberforce
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In his book ____, Darwin emphasized the similarity between human and animal mental processes.
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The Descent of Man
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In his book ____, Darwin explained human emotional gestures, postures, and other aspects of body language that convey emotion as remnants of adaptive movements by animals.
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The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals
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One of the early sources of modern child psychology was an article in 1877 by ____.
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C. Darwin
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In the study of finches' beaks, the biologists Peter and Rosemary Grant found that ____.
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a.Darwin had underestimated the power of natural selection b.under drought conditions, more thick-than thin-beaked birds survived and reproduced c.in only one generation, natural selection produced a better-adapted species d.when heavy rains became common, birds with slender beaks flourished ***e. All of the choices are correct.***
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In his journal Mind, Darwin describes ____.
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the developmental stages of his son in relation to human evolution
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The influence of Darwin's work can be seen most directly in ____.
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comparative psychology
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A consequence of Darwin's work for psychology was ____.
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the legitimization of nonexperimental descriptive methods
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A consequence of Darwin's work for psychology was ____.
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a focus on individual differences
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In the Original Source Material from his autobiography, Charles Darwin described himself as ____.
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a.having "no great quickness of apprehension or wit" b."a poor critic" c."moderate abilities" d.possessing a "love of natural science [which] has been steady and ardent" ***e.All of the choices are correct***
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Today, our acceptance that the study of individual differences is appropriate subject matter for psychology is due to whose work?
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Galton
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Who wrote a 16th-century book on individual differences and argued that children's education should be individualized to recognize such differences?
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Huarte
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Who wrote Hereditary Genius?
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Galton
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Galton's Hereditary Genius was mainly concerned with ____.
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a statistical analysis of the concept of eminent men producing eminent offspring
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When Galton founded the science of eugenics, he ____.
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invented the term "eugenics"
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The early 20th-century American government policy of sterilizing mentally retarded females is an example of ____.
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eugenics
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Galton argued that what proportion of eminence could be reliably attributed to environmental influences?
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0%
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Which of the following did Galton not endorse in the material from Hereditary Genius?
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the idea of natural equality
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Who first highlighted the importance of central tendency?
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Quetelet
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Who was the first to show that biological and social data were normally distributed?
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Quetelet
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Who arrived at the concept of the "average man" to describe findings from a large group of subjects?
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Quetelet
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The idea of measures clustering around the of center or average of a distribution should be attributed to ____.
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Quetelet
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Who was the first to show that human mental characteristics followed a normal distribution?
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Galton
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Galton proposed that measurement of human traits could be defined and summarized by two numbers, which are ____.
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the mean and the standard deviation
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The formula currently used for calculating the correlation coefficient was developed by ____.
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Pearson
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The term mental tests was coined by ____, but ____ originated this concept.
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Cattell; Galton
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Mental tests were originated by ____.
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Galton
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Galton's measures of intellectual functioning assumed correlation between intelligence and ____.
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acuteness of the senses
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What had the greatest impact upon Galton's view on the measurement of intelligence?
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Locke's theory that all knowledge comes through the senses
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The aim of the research at the Anthropometric Laboratory was to assess ____.
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the collective mental resources of the British people
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What additional interest(s) did Galton research?
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Arithmetic by smell Paranoid disorders The power of prayer ***All of the above***
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Which of the following are influenced by Galton's work?
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child development heredity statistical techniques testing methods ***All of the above***
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Galton found that a substantial proportion of word associations were evidence of ____.
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the effects of childhood experiences on the adult
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The first experimental attempt to study word associations was by ____.
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Galton
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To study mental imagery, Galton used which self-report method?
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the questionnaire
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Galton studied paranoid disorders by ____.
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imaging that every person or thing he saw was spying on him
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In comparing evolutionary theory to theology, Galton's concluded that ____.
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there was insufficient evidence to support religious beliefs
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According to ____, animals have no soul and thus are automata.
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Descartes
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The notion that there is a continuity of consciousness and cognitive processes between animals and humans was suggested and/or demonstrated by ____.
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Darwin's evidence
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According to Darwin, human emotional expressions reflect ____.
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the inheritance of animal responses that may not be adaptive for humans
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Wundt's early position on animal intelligence was that ____.
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any sensory capacity at all allowed for judgment and drawing of conscious inferences
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The first systematic study of animal intelligence was by ____.
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Romanes
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The work of Romanes was especially flawed because of his ____.
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use of the anecdotal method
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Whenever we think we "know what's on someone's mind," we are using which technique?
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introspection by analogy
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Despite Romanes's deficiencies in methodology, he is respected by scientists for his ____.
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stimulation of the development of comparative psychology
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The intent of Lloyd Morgan's canon was to ____.
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make comparative psychology more scientific
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The first person(s) to engage in large studies of experimental comparative psychology was/were ____.
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Morgan
