History Chapter 13 Section 1-4 – Flashcards
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nationalism
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-deep devotion to ones nation -serves as a unifying force within a country, but can cause intense competition among nations, each wanting to over power the other
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how did nationalism increase tension among european countries
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-tensions grew among european nations, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France, for materials and markets -there was territorial disputes -they all wanted industrial dominance and power
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imperialism
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-this is when nations fiercely compete for colonies
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how did imperialism increase tension among european countries
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-european nation's sense of rivalry and mistrust of one another deepened as they competed for colonies in Asia and Africa
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militarism
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-the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war
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how did militarism increase tension among european countries
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-led to the formation pf large armies which scared the people -later also led to military alliances
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triple alliance (1882)
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-created by Bismarck -he wanted to isolate France and create an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy -CENTRAL POWERS
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how did the triple alliance increase tension among european countries
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-it created an unstable alliance which had problems such as Germany having enemies on both sides during war
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triple entente (1907)
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-an alliance formed between Britain, France, and Russia -it ensured Britain would not fight against France and Russia -during WWI -ALLIES
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how did the triple entente increase tension among european countries
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-created 2 rival camps in Europe: the triple alliance and the triple entente-a dispute between the 2 could draw all the nations of europe into war
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assassination in Sarajevo
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-a serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Pirincip, shot and killed Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Sofia
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how did the assassination in Sarajevo increase tension among european countries
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-it gave Austra-Hungary an excuse to punish serbia and start a war on them -this leads to the conflict between Austria and Russia
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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-German emperor -forced Bismarck to resign -was a proud and stubborn man -wished to share his power with no one -let his nations treaty with Russia lapse -built up German navy so they would challenge Britain
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who annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908
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-Austria-Hungary
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which 2 non-Balkan nations competed for dominance of the Balkans
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-Austria-Hungary and Russia
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which nations heir to throne was assassinated in 1914 by serbian nationalists
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-Austria-Hungary
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which nation was fist to declare war in the Great war
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-Austria-Hungary
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which of the great powers did not have a large army
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-great britain
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according to Bismarck what nation was the greatest threat to peace in europe
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-france
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Bismarck was part of what nation
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-Germany
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effects of russia mobilizing along the german border
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-german government declared war on russia -russia looked to its ally france for help, but germany didn't wait for france to react
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effects of germany declaring war on france
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-great britain then declared war in defense of france on germany -much of europe was now locked in battle
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effects of the allies defeating the germans in the battle of marne
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-this left schlieffen plan in ruins, so a quick win in the west seemed impossible -germany had to fight on both sides -france won battle of marne
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effects of russian forces attacking austria and germany
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-germany counterattacked and forced russia to retreat -many russian soldiers were killed -austria defeated the russians and eventually pushed them out of austria-hungary
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effects of the allies being unstable to ship war supplies to russian ports
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-this was bc they were unindustrialized and near collapse -so as a result russian armies were constantly short on food, guns, ammunition, clothes, boots, and blankets
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western front
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-the region in france that became a bloody stalemate -deadlock region
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eastern front
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-stretch of battlefield along german and russian border
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poison gas
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-new weapon that caused blindness, blisters, and choking
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trench warfare
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-battle strategy in which soldiers fought from deep pits dug into the ground -armies traded huge losses of people for small amounts a land gain -primarily used on the western front
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submarine
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-new warship introduced by the germans that used underwater missiles
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Schliefen Plan
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-german battle strategy for the 2 front war that called for a quick defeat of france in the west and then attacking Russia in the east
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where were the battles of Marne, Somme, and Verdun fought
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-French soil
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central powers
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-this was Germany and Austria-Hungary -known as this bc of their location in the heart of europe -Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire later join them -italy refuses to join
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Allies
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-the triple entente: great britain, france and russia -japan later joins
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purpose of Gallipoli
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-allies were to secure the Dardanelles -then take Constantinople -defeat the turks -establish a supply line to russia
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why did US enter the war
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-bc of the public outrage over germanys unrestricted submarine warfare, strong economic ties with Allies, and the Zimmerman note, which was the last straw -germany sinking the british boat Lusitania with US passengers on board
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why did the czar's government collapse
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-bc Czar Nicholas stepped down do to war related shortages of food and fuel
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treaty of brest-litovsk
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-ended war between russia and germany
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second battle of the marne
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-german military was weak -allied forces began to advance steadily toward germany -central power began to crumble
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what event signaled the final defeat of the central powers
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-bulgarians and ottoman turks surrender -revolution swept through austria-hungary -a mutiny on germany
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propoganda
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-used by the government -one sided information designed to persuade, keep up morale, and support the war -media blows things out of proportions/exaggerates -lies to the public to get people to believe
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total war
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-where countries devoted all their resources to the war effort -WWI became a total war
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rationing
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-system where people could only buy small amounts of items needed for war -limit purchases of consumer goods
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armistice
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-an agreement to stop fighting -brought an end to WWI
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unrestricted submarine warfare
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-policy by Germany where their submarines would sink any ship around Britain w/out warning -Germany wanted to keep cargo ships from reaching great britain
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what did the zimmerman note expose
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-germanys plan to help mexico regain US territory
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14 points
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-created by Wilson -they outlines a plan for achieving a just and lasting peace
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concerns and aims of france and britain
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-concerned with national security -wanted to strip germany of its war-making power
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woodrow wilson
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-part of the big 4 -represented the US at paris peace conference -had idea of league of nations -created the 14 points
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georges clemenceau
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-part of big 4 -represented France at paris peace conference -wanted to punish germany and make them pay money
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self-determination
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-allowed people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live
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treaty of versailles
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-between germany and allied powers -adopted wilson's 14 points -created the league of nations
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in what ways did the treaty punish germany
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-germany lost substantial territory -had severe restrictions placed on its military operations -had to pay reparations to the ALLIES -had to take responsibility for war -forced to pay huge amounts of money to war victims
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why did many countries feel bitter and cheated as a result of the treaty
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-war guilt clause left bitterness and hatred in the germans -people of africa and asia were mad at the way the ALLIES disregarded their desire for independence -Japan and italy gained less land then they wanted
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why did US reject the treaty and league of nations
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-they believed they should stay out of european affairs
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league of nations
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-international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations
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how did rejection affect the league of nations
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-they couldn't take action and help find peace around the world
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costs of war
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-many people died or wounded -economies devasted -countries still remained under control
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war guilt clause
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-part of the treat of versailles that placed responsibility for the war solely on germany
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palace of versailles
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-location of meetings to determine conditions of peace after WWI
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mandates
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-term for postwar territories expected to be governed by the league of nations -help nations become independent and self-governing
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reparations
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-what germany had to pay Allies because of war guilt
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alliance system
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-forming of all the alliances
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"power keg" of europe
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-the Balkans
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new countries created
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-mostly around the Baltic Sea -Austria-hungary and the Ottoman empire were separated into new countries/independent nations -Austria-Hungary empire turned into: Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia -Ottoman Empire gave up almost all of their former empire, they only had the territory of what is now Turkey -german land taken to form Poland
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causes of WWI why US entered war effects of war
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-causes: nationalism: all the european nations wanted dominance and power over each other, territorial fights -causes: imperialism: rivalry and mistrust between the nations, competed for colonies in africa and asia -causes: militarism: led to formation of large armies, which scared the people, and then led to military alliances -US entered the war bc of the public outrage over germanys unrestricted submarine warfare, strong economic ties with Allies, and the Zimmerman note, which was the last straw -also bc germany sunk the british boat, Lusitania, with US passengers on board -effects: many people dead and wounded on all sides, economies devastated, weaker and furious germany due to league of nations, left behind a lot of destruction never seen before
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new war technology military strategies how war spread
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-new technology: machine guns, tanks, poison gases, submarine, and airplanes. -new tools didn't speed up war like expected -just killed more people -strategies: Schliffen Plan: german battle strategy for the 2 front war that called for a quick defeat of france in the west and then attacking Russia in the east -strategies: trench warfare: battle strategy in which soldiers fought from deep pits dug into the ground -how war spread: Germany making the US angry caused them to join the war, different countries wanting to seize other countries land
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terms of peace treaty problems arriving at terms
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-punish germany by restriction their military operations q, pay reparations to war victims/ALLIES, and had to take responsibility for the war -problems: the 4 major allies had different peace goals
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social, political, and economic changes caused by war
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-social: led to deaths of many civilians by starvation, disease, and slaughter. survivors had a sense of insecurity and despair, women began working mens jobs(factories, offices, and shoppes) -economic: drained the treasures of european countries. destroyed farmland,homes, villages, and towns, economy crippled -political: germany became weak
