History Ch 12 – Flashcards
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in 1200s the pope had supreme power during the height of power for the Catholic church
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what is the papal monarchy?
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territories in Italy that the Catholic Church had control of
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what are the papal states?
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popes began to neglect their duties to the church
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what was the negative side affect of the papal monarchy?
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Pope Gregory VII
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who tried to get rid of the lay investure?
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when kings chose church offices
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what is lay investiture?
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the pope
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who eventually was granted the power to elect the bishops?
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He issued a decree forbidding high members of clergy from receiving power from lay leaders
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how did Pope Gregory VII get rid of the lay investiture?
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a compromise between the pope and a king that bishops would be chosen by the church
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what is the Concordat of Worms?
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he king would reward the bishop symbols of earthly office and a representative from the Pope would reward him with symbols of the spiritual office.
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once a bishop was elected by the church, what two things did he receive?
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simply, they owned one robe, owned no decorations, and spent their time working and praying. they went outside the monastery and preached
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how did the Cistercians live?
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they live simply but weren't as strict as the Cistercians and spend most of their time in personal prayer
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how did the Benedictions live?
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monastery
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what do religious orders of men live in?
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convent
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what do religious orders of women live in?
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1. they could have power in the church unlike in society 2. their family could not afford to find them a husband 3. they could get an education 4. they were widowed 5. they didn't want to get married
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why did women join the convent? (5 reasons)
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a popular woman composer, scientist, and doctor
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who is Hilegard of Bingen?
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Gregorian Chant
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what piece of music did Hilegrard of Bingen contribute to?
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she was popular in fields that were dominated by men
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why was Hilegard of Bingen so important?
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lived a simple life and didnt have many luxuries, goal was to help the poorer members of society and do missionary work.
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how did the Franciscans live?
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main goal was to get rid of all the heretics and they chose a life of simplicity to reach this goal
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how did the Dominicans live?
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St.. Francis of Assisi
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who founded the Franciscans?
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Church court that got rid of heretics
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what was the inquisition?
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The Dominican Order
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who assisted the Inquisition when getting rid of heretics?
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public penance, or in extreme cases, execution
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what was the punishment for a heretic?
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through Catholicism
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what is the ONLY way to get to heaven?
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it was believed that saints could ask God for humans petitions
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why did people pray to saints in the middle ages?
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bones or other objects connected to saints
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what is a relic?
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went on pilgrimages to shrines or holy cities
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how did people get "bonus points" to help them get into heaven?
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Alexius I Comnenus asked Europe for help to defend themselves against the Seljuk Turks and the pope agreed to help them get the holy land back
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how did the Crusades begin?
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Europe vs. Muslims
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who were the Crusades against?
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A Byzantine emperor
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who was Alexius I Comnenus?
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Pope Urban II
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what pope was in power during the early crusades?
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Pope Urban II promised that anyone who fought in the crusades got a free pass to heaven
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why did men want to fight in the Crusades?
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the leader of Muslim forces during the Crusades
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who was Saladin?
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Pope Innocent III
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what pope was in power in the later crusades?
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1. Catholic church became more divided 2.Italian trade benefitted 3. Jews were discriminated against 4. feudalism ended
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what were the results of the later crusades?
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money and faith
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what were the Crusades fought for?
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no
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did Europe succeed in gaining the Holy Land from the Muslims?
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large, heavy stone roofs and small windows. very dark
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what is Romanesque Architecture?
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taller, and known for its beautiful stain glass windows
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what was Gothic Architecture?
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to show religious scenes to the illiterate
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what was the purpose of the stained glass windows?
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so men could get a higher education
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what was the point of universities?
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bachelor and masters degrees and liberal arts
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what did universities start?
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the study of God and religion
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what is theology?
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theological and philosophical system to reconcile faith and reason.
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what is scholasticism?
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theologian who wrote the Proslogion. He argued that there was proof of God and he tried to combine faith and reason.
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who is Anselm?
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philosopher who tried to prove that God exists.
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who was Thomas Aquinas?
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wrote Opus Majus, an encyclopedia combining logic, math, physics, and philosophy.
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who was Roger Bacon?
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literature written in the language of everyday speech in a particular region,
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what was vernacular literature?
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the educated (higher) members of society
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who read vernacular literature?
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Troubadour poetry and chanson de geste
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what are two kinds of vernacular literature?
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poetry that was written by knights and nobles for women they loved
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what is troubadour poetry?
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heroic epic that described battles and political contests.
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what is chanson de geste?
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The Canterbury Tales
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what did Geoffrey Chaucer write?
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collection of stories that represented different points of views in English society
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what are the Canterbury Tales?
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temperatures decreased and rain levels increased which caused food shortages and famine. Because of malnutrition people had a harder time resisting infections. The Black Plague came from rats that came from Italian merchants. The rats carried deadly infected fleas.
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what caused the black death?
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losing ⅓ of the population, anti-semitism, trade declines, serfdom ende, and increase of price of labor
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how did the Black Death affect Europe?
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serfs began paying rent instead of labor during the Black Death
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why did serfdom end?
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people thought the Jews poisoned the town wells, therefore infecting everyone.
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how did the Black Death cause anti-semitism?
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Pope Clement V took power and took residence in Avignon, not Rome
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why were the Popes in Avignon?
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King Philip wanted to tax the clergy and Pope Boniface said he couldn't so King Philip went to put Boniface on trial.
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what was the controversy between Pope Boniface and King Phillip?
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Pope Urban VI and a French pope to ruled at the same time.The Catholic Church split into European and French catholics
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what was the Great Schism?
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The Great Schism divided the Church, people saw need for reform, and the pope didn't have power over the state anymore
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what caused the decline of power of the Catholic Church?
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he called for an end to papal authority and church corruption
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who is John Wyclif?
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England had control of the duchy of Gascony in France. France wanted control of it.
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what caused the Hundred Year's War?
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England and France. King Edward III fought for England and King Philip VI fought for France.
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who was the Hundred Years War between?
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France
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who won the Hundred Years War?
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first battle in the Hundred Years War. England won because they were more organized
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what happened in the Battle of Crecy
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English King who beat the French at the Battle of Agincourt.
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who was King Henry V
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won by the English and 1,500 French nobles died in this battle.
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what happened at the Battle of Agincourt?
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a French peasant girl, made the French victorious. God spoke to her and told her to rule the French army. She was the one who took the French to the turning point of the war, however because she was accused of witchcraft, she was killed.
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who is Joan of Arc?
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Europe set up the new monarchies, which was a government in which power was centralized under a King of queen.
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after the Hundred Year's war what changed in Europe?
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1. added the direct tax 2. added other regions to French control 3. trade grew
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how did the Hundred Years War affect France?
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direct tax
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what is the taille?
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1. War of Roses 2. bad economy 3. Henry VII restored order by ending private armies
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how did the Hundred Years War affect England?
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Two kingdoms, Aragon and Castile expelled all Jews from Spain who didn't convert to Christianity.
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what happened in Spain for Christians?
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each state was independent
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what happened in central and eastern Europe for christians?
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created by Irish monks, a decorated Bible
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what is the Book of Kells
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a half moon
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what was the Muslim symbol for the crusades?
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holy war
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what does "crusade" mean?
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red cross
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what was the European symbol for the crusades?
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silk, linen, spices, jewelry, and perfumes
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what did the Europeans bring back to Europe during the crusades?
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to preserve food that could spoil
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why did Europeans want spices?
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merchants and shipowners
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after the crusades in ITALY, who was richer that nobles?
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the King of England promised to give Sultan all of their prisoners of war back. the christians massacred all of the prisoners in front of the Muslims
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what happened at the massacre of Acre?
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God was speaking to her
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why was Joan of Arc accused of withcraft?
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nothing
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what did King Charles do to protect Joan of Arn once she was put on trial for heresy?
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The Mediterranean
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what ocean did Italy trade off of?
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people were buried without divine offices and sometimes many dead people were put in one ditch
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what were burials like during the Black Death?
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they thought they escaped the horrible disease so they lived a life of pleasure
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how did the people who survived the Black Death act?
