History 104 since 1877 – Flashcards
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18th Amendment
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federal prohibition , Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
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19th Amendment
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Gave women the right to vote
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13th Amendment
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abolished slavery
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14th Amendment
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Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
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15th Amendment
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gave African American men the right to vote
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Black Codes
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Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves
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Reconstruction
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the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
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Emancipation Proclamation
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Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
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Restoration
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restored the South to the Union
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Redemption
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southern democrats' term for their return to power in the south in the 1870s
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Agribusiness
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A general term for large-scale, mechanized industrial agriculture that is controlled by corporate interests
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Dawes Severalty Act 1887
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assimilate the Indians; dissolved tribes; stipulated citizenship in 25 years; sold Indian land
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Homestead Act 1862
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enabled white men and unmarried women to claim free or inexpensive land on the frontier
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Morrill Act 1862
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provided a grant of public lands to states for support of education
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Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 1883
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Reformed the spoils system, calling for government appointments to be made based on merit rather than politics
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Grange
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the Patrons of Husbandry - a social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century
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The Farmers Alliance
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group formed in Texas in the late 1870s in order to break the grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling, weakened itself by excluding blacks and landless tenant farmers
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Nativism
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a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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This case established the "separate but equal" doctrine.
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American Federation of Labor
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1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.
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Gospel of Wealth
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Carnegie's doctrine calling for the wealthy to share their riches for the betterment of society
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Gilded Age
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1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor
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Jim Crow
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Term for the racial segregation laws imposed in the 1890s
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Horizontal Integration
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The merging of companies that make similar products.
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Vertical Integration
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practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products
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"White Man's Burden"
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Idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized.
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Initiative
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Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters
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Referendum
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The practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature
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Recall
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the act of removing an official by petition
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Direct Primary
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a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office
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Muckraking
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the exposure of scandal (especially about public figures)
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Prohibition
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a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages
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Monroe Doctrine
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President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
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Imperialism
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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.
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Great Migration
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Movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
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League of Nations
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an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
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Fourteen Points
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A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I
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Red Scare
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a period of general fear of communists
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Welfare Capitalism
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when companies provide incentives to build better relationships with employees; health insurance, safety standards, buy stock in the company.
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Reed-Johnson National Origins Act of 1924
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restrictive quota system for new immigration (3%)
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Harlem Renaissance
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a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished
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"New Negro"
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spirit of black racial pride and militancy that set a younger generation of African American artists and civil rights leaders apart from their predecessors
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Modernity
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term referring to industrial society or various aspects of modern life
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League of Women Voters
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An organization set up to educate women about politics and voting.
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$5 day
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program initiated by Henry ford to decrease worker turnover and increase demand for his products
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Eugenics
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the study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (especially as applied to human mating)
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Bonus Army
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Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their government war bonuses in cash
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New Deal
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President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.
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Emergency Banking Act
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gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened
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Tennessee Valley Authority
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A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.
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National Industrial Recovery Act
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(FDR) A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA.
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National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
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Defined unfair labor practices and established the National Labor Relations Board to settle disputes between employees and employers.
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First New Deal
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The "First New Deal" of 1933 was aimed at short-term recovery programs for all groups. The Roosevelt administration promoted or implemented banking reform laws, emergency relief programs, work relief programs, agricultural programs, and industrial reform (the NRA), a federal welfare state, as well as the end of the gold standard and prohibition.
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Second New Deal
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This caused more social welfare, benefits, stricter control over business, stronger support for unions, and higher taxes on the rich.
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Civilian Conservation Corps
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New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects
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Agricultural Adjustment Administration
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restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops
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Public Works Administration
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New Deal organization that contracted private firms to hire millions of people to build bridges, post offices, highways, and other public work projects
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Social Security Act
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guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health
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Works Progress Administration
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agency meant to provide employment on useful projects such as public buildings, bridges and roads
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Fair Labor Standards Act
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Sets minimum wage, requires over-time pay for time worked over 40 hours, and restricts the employment of minors.
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Congress of Industrial Organizations
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a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955
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Federal Writer's Project
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Program that employed writers, created travel guides, oral histories and American Folklore
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Dust Bowl
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Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.
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Indian Reorganization Act
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1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development. repealed Dawes act
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Andrew Johnson
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17th president of the United States, came to office after Lincoln's assassination and opposed Radical Republicans; he was impeached
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"Boss" Tweed
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a disgraced American politician who was convicted for stealing millions of dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption; head of Tammany Hall.
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Theodore Roosevelt
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26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War
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Jane Addams
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the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycare, and child care classes. First women to win Nobel Peace Prize
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Al Smith
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unsafe and unhealthy working conditions
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Jacob Riis
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wrote how the other half lives, wrote about conditions for recent immigrants
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Upton Sinclair
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food safety, California gubernatorial candidate who proposed old age pensions
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Woodrow Wilson
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28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize.
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Booker T. Washington
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Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881.
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Dorothea Lange
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United States photographer remembered for her portraits of rural workers during the Depression (1895-1965)
