history 1020 notes : The Renaissance, New Sciences, and Religious Wars in Europe – Flashcards

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The politicization of religion ultimately leads to both external struggles incompassing _______________. and then later on internal struggles which encompassed
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"Christian" vs "Muslim" civilizations and denominational splits and civil war
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Western Christian Civilization moved in vastly different direction after 1500 which was as a result of what?
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Was the result of developments in science and philosophy.
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The Western Christian Civilization Focus increasingly turns from that of defeating Islamic civilizations to ...
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internal struggles over religion/politics.
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___________ and ___________ split during the protestant reformation
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Catholics and protestants
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Western Christian Civilization clashed with ..
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with the catholic church and the protestants
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what led to the industrial revolution?
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after 1750 when the scientific culture become a mass culture
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what does scholasticism mean?
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the study of text, was a medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.
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Renaissance and Baroque Periods and the New Sciences period were periods marked by the...
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reawakening of interest in Greek and Roman culture, philosophy, and sciences.
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during the Renaissance & Baroque Periods , who brought about the change to an interest in Greek and Roman culture, philosophy, and science
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Barbarians, they were sweeping thru eruope
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Renaissance Period was a period of
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cultural transformation that began in the 15th century, following the scholastic Middle Ages .
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The Renaissance was marked by a departure from __________ works to also include various Greek and Roman authors who had been unknown or ignored.
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Aristotle's
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The Renaissance was spurred on by the invention of what?
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the printing press
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what is Humanism?
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he antilitical movement focuasing on human culture in philiosphy and literature which is built apon greek and roman thought
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Renanaince is the cultreal bringe between the _______ ________ and______ ___________
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middle ages and modern times
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during The Renaissance , what was the common lang of the people?
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Vernacular
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The Baroque Period was marked by....
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a new artistic style that emphasized exaggerated motion and clear details to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in artistic expressions.
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Two factors influenced its emergence of the Baroque period..
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1. religoious ________ 2. balance and restrant of the renoasnce
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New Sciences/Scientific Revolution was marked by...
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he mathematization of the sciences and the arrival and rediscovery of new texts in mathematics, astronomy, geography, biology, and chemistry. Foundation of this period was the work of Aristotle (which they later moved beyond).
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Most important scientists of the New Sciences/Scientific period were..
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Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo,Sir Isaac Newton
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Sir Isaac Newton was known for ..
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Calculus and unified physics and astronomy.
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Galileo was known for..
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Physics and "law of falling bodies"
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Nicolaus Copernicus was known for ...
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Heliocentrism
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Caperinaus was know for..
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being the father of the scientific revolution
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Galileo and newton took Caperinaus approach , and formed what we now know as _________
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Physics
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Catholic church made ________ rebuke his beliefs when he combined geography and algebra
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Galileo
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________________ was the center of the geographics period
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Florence
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what became the foundation to industrial designing during the New Sciences/Scientific Revolution
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Newton's physical based science
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During the Centralizing States and Religious Wars the basis for centralizing states was
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a strong, firearms-based military force.
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During the Centralizing States and Religious Wars they began to see a shift from
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feudalism( peasants serve the king) to professional armies .... The financial requirements of a highly centralized state required a reorganization of the relationship between rulers and classes as well as regional and local forces.
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countires like France, England, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Bohemia, Hungary, and more. These countries competed vigorously with each other attempted to exploit the new possibilities which armies of __________________________ gave them.
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mercenaries armed with firearms ...... ( THEY WANTED TO BUiLD EMPIRE AND GRAB AS MUCH LAND AS THEY COULD )
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who invented the "flintlock" , and what was it
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The french, which was a piece of rope that u lit. which replaced the "musket"
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why is there a mass migration in europe?
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because the people are trying to find the lowest tax area. Rulers were trying to raise money for the military so they were taking everything from them including there lands,
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What as the The Protestant Reformation ?
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Was a religious outgrowth of the Renaissance/Baroque/New Sciences Periods.
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During the The Protestant Reformation, what problem were the common people facing?
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Common people are suffering and r desperate for some kind of hope . They were giving so much money to the church and not seeing a benefit of it. " there building a cathedral while i cant even feed my kids"
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During the Protestant Reformation, literacy ..
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was at its highest point, so the people had a true understadning of the christian faith. this led to less need for church instruction in the Bible.
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During the Protestant Reformation what led to widespread discontent??
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The use of church funds for worldly projects and the raising of funds by selling 2 indulgences and other underhanded means
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what were indulgences ??
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which are certificates that guarantee they can get you out, or limit your time of purgatory ( which is middle ground between hell and heaven)
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During the Protestant Reformation, Religious leaders were appointed by political figures , Pope was not happy about this. The Popes power only resided in..
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Germany
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who was Leader of the Protestant Reformation:
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Martin Luther
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what is " Sola Scriptura" ??
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The elevation of original New Testament Scripture over church tradition
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what did the The declaration of the "priesthood of all believers" state?
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that the clergy were no longer mediators between God and man
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The Catholic king of the Habsburg Empire, _________, wasnt happy about Luther's reforms since he was heavily entangled with the Catholic Church. He coldnt keep any order in Germany cuz of Luthers ideas.
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Charles V
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who was John Calvin?
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a Protestant reformer from France, Established a new doctrine that was contrary to that of the Catholic Church.
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What was the central idea of Calvinism?
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was that of "predestination" wherein God has appointed, before one's birth, whether or not he or she will be saved or not.
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what did the "Council of Trent" do?
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which formally abolished payment for indulgences and phased out other church practices considered to be corrupt.Sought to enforce doctrine through the Papal Inquisition and by prohibiting the publication of certain books.
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" Council of Trent" DID NOT DO....
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Salvation through faith and good works, The priestly mediation of the clergy between God and man, and Monasticism
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During the Religious Wars, what sparked widespread warfare throughout Western Europe??
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The Protestant and Catholic Reformations and their entanglement with politics
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During the Religious Wars, what was happening in France?
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Calvinism started a civil war between Protestants and Catholics that ended in the deaths of thousands.
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During the Religious Wars, what was happening in The Netherlands?
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Protestant nation that sought to free themselves from Spanish Catholic rule.
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During the Religious Wars, what was happening in England?
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Slow pace of reform in the Anglican Church erupted into a brutal civil war.
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During the Religious Wars, what was happening in Germany?
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Catholic and Protestant struggle erupted into the Thirty Years War which killed 100,000 individuals.
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During the Religious Wars, on a religious level, western Christians grudgingly accepted what?
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denominational toleration
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During the Religious Wars,on the political level, the centralizing states evolved into ....
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polities based on absolutism, tempered by provincial and local administrative practices.
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What is Absolutism
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Theory of the state in which the unlimited power of the king, ruling under God's divine mandate, was emphasized
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what were Intendants?
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salaried, itinerant government officials who ensured that local office holders collected taxes and properly administered justice.
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what were Parlements?
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appointed assemblies for the ratification of decrees from Paris.
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Westphalia
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the treaty of Westphalia allowed religious freedom in Germany
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Absolutism
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king louie 14th did this, of state in which there was an unlimited power of a king, justified by the fact he said " it was God given"
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