history 1020 notes : The Renaissance, New Sciences, and Religious Wars in Europe – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
The politicization of religion ultimately leads to both external struggles incompassing _______________. and then later on internal struggles which encompassed
answer
"Christian" vs "Muslim" civilizations and denominational splits and civil war
question
Western Christian Civilization moved in vastly different direction after 1500 which was as a result of what?
answer
Was the result of developments in science and philosophy.
question
The Western Christian Civilization Focus increasingly turns from that of defeating Islamic civilizations to ...
answer
internal struggles over religion/politics.
question
___________ and ___________ split during the protestant reformation
answer
Catholics and protestants
question
Western Christian Civilization clashed with ..
answer
with the catholic church and the protestants
question
what led to the industrial revolution?
answer
after 1750 when the scientific culture become a mass culture
question
what does scholasticism mean?
answer
the study of text, was a medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.
question
Renaissance and Baroque Periods and the New Sciences period were periods marked by the...
answer
reawakening of interest in Greek and Roman culture, philosophy, and sciences.
question
during the Renaissance & Baroque Periods , who brought about the change to an interest in Greek and Roman culture, philosophy, and science
answer
Barbarians, they were sweeping thru eruope
question
Renaissance Period was a period of
answer
cultural transformation that began in the 15th century, following the scholastic Middle Ages .
question
The Renaissance was marked by a departure from __________ works to also include various Greek and Roman authors who had been unknown or ignored.
answer
Aristotle's
question
The Renaissance was spurred on by the invention of what?
answer
the printing press
question
what is Humanism?
answer
he antilitical movement focuasing on human culture in philiosphy and literature which is built apon greek and roman thought
question
Renanaince is the cultreal bringe between the _______ ________ and______ ___________
answer
middle ages and modern times
question
during The Renaissance , what was the common lang of the people?
answer
Vernacular
question
The Baroque Period was marked by....
answer
a new artistic style that emphasized exaggerated motion and clear details to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in artistic expressions.
question
Two factors influenced its emergence of the Baroque period..
answer
1. religoious ________ 2. balance and restrant of the renoasnce
question
New Sciences/Scientific Revolution was marked by...
answer
he mathematization of the sciences and the arrival and rediscovery of new texts in mathematics, astronomy, geography, biology, and chemistry. Foundation of this period was the work of Aristotle (which they later moved beyond).
question
Most important scientists of the New Sciences/Scientific period were..
answer
Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo,Sir Isaac Newton
question
Sir Isaac Newton was known for ..
answer
Calculus and unified physics and astronomy.
question
Galileo was known for..
answer
Physics and "law of falling bodies"
question
Nicolaus Copernicus was known for ...
answer
Heliocentrism
question
Caperinaus was know for..
answer
being the father of the scientific revolution
question
Galileo and newton took Caperinaus approach , and formed what we now know as _________
answer
Physics
question
Catholic church made ________ rebuke his beliefs when he combined geography and algebra
answer
Galileo
question
________________ was the center of the geographics period
answer
Florence
question
what became the foundation to industrial designing during the New Sciences/Scientific Revolution
answer
Newton's physical based science
question
During the Centralizing States and Religious Wars the basis for centralizing states was
answer
a strong, firearms-based military force.
question
During the Centralizing States and Religious Wars they began to see a shift from
answer
feudalism( peasants serve the king) to professional armies .... The financial requirements of a highly centralized state required a reorganization of the relationship between rulers and classes as well as regional and local forces.
question
countires like France, England, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Bohemia, Hungary, and more. These countries competed vigorously with each other attempted to exploit the new possibilities which armies of __________________________ gave them.
answer
mercenaries armed with firearms ...... ( THEY WANTED TO BUiLD EMPIRE AND GRAB AS MUCH LAND AS THEY COULD )
question
who invented the "flintlock" , and what was it
answer
The french, which was a piece of rope that u lit. which replaced the "musket"
question
why is there a mass migration in europe?
answer
because the people are trying to find the lowest tax area. Rulers were trying to raise money for the military so they were taking everything from them including there lands,
question
What as the The Protestant Reformation ?
answer
Was a religious outgrowth of the Renaissance/Baroque/New Sciences Periods.
question
During the The Protestant Reformation, what problem were the common people facing?
answer
Common people are suffering and r desperate for some kind of hope . They were giving so much money to the church and not seeing a benefit of it. " there building a cathedral while i cant even feed my kids"
question
During the Protestant Reformation, literacy ..
answer
was at its highest point, so the people had a true understadning of the christian faith. this led to less need for church instruction in the Bible.
question
During the Protestant Reformation what led to widespread discontent??
answer
The use of church funds for worldly projects and the raising of funds by selling 2 indulgences and other underhanded means
question
what were indulgences ??
answer
which are certificates that guarantee they can get you out, or limit your time of purgatory ( which is middle ground between hell and heaven)
question
During the Protestant Reformation, Religious leaders were appointed by political figures , Pope was not happy about this. The Popes power only resided in..
answer
Germany
question
who was Leader of the Protestant Reformation:
answer
Martin Luther
question
what is " Sola Scriptura" ??
answer
The elevation of original New Testament Scripture over church tradition
question
what did the The declaration of the "priesthood of all believers" state?
answer
that the clergy were no longer mediators between God and man
question
The Catholic king of the Habsburg Empire, _________, wasnt happy about Luther's reforms since he was heavily entangled with the Catholic Church. He coldnt keep any order in Germany cuz of Luthers ideas.
answer
Charles V
question
who was John Calvin?
answer
a Protestant reformer from France, Established a new doctrine that was contrary to that of the Catholic Church.
question
What was the central idea of Calvinism?
answer
was that of "predestination" wherein God has appointed, before one's birth, whether or not he or she will be saved or not.
question
what did the "Council of Trent" do?
answer
which formally abolished payment for indulgences and phased out other church practices considered to be corrupt.Sought to enforce doctrine through the Papal Inquisition and by prohibiting the publication of certain books.
question
" Council of Trent" DID NOT DO....
answer
Salvation through faith and good works, The priestly mediation of the clergy between God and man, and Monasticism
question
During the Religious Wars, what sparked widespread warfare throughout Western Europe??
answer
The Protestant and Catholic Reformations and their entanglement with politics
question
During the Religious Wars, what was happening in France?
answer
Calvinism started a civil war between Protestants and Catholics that ended in the deaths of thousands.
question
During the Religious Wars, what was happening in The Netherlands?
answer
Protestant nation that sought to free themselves from Spanish Catholic rule.
question
During the Religious Wars, what was happening in England?
answer
Slow pace of reform in the Anglican Church erupted into a brutal civil war.
question
During the Religious Wars, what was happening in Germany?
answer
Catholic and Protestant struggle erupted into the Thirty Years War which killed 100,000 individuals.
question
During the Religious Wars, on a religious level, western Christians grudgingly accepted what?
answer
denominational toleration
question
During the Religious Wars,on the political level, the centralizing states evolved into ....
answer
polities based on absolutism, tempered by provincial and local administrative practices.
question
What is Absolutism
answer
Theory of the state in which the unlimited power of the king, ruling under God's divine mandate, was emphasized
question
what were Intendants?
answer
salaried, itinerant government officials who ensured that local office holders collected taxes and properly administered justice.
question
what were Parlements?
answer
appointed assemblies for the ratification of decrees from Paris.
question
Westphalia
answer
the treaty of Westphalia allowed religious freedom in Germany
question
Absolutism
answer
king louie 14th did this, of state in which there was an unlimited power of a king, justified by the fact he said " it was God given"
