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The romans were a military society almost from the moment they settled in italy because they

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Were continually forced to defend their own conquests against invaders

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What is the legend that explains the end of the roman monarchy and the founding of the republic?

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The rape of Lucretia

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The division between roman patricians and plebeians was

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Between the wealthiest (2 percent) and the rest (98 percent) of the people

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The twelve tables of law, approved in 450 BCE, represent

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The codification of existing laws for all to see and obey

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To limit the influence of wealth in roman politics, new laws were passed

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Preventing senators from engaging in commerce

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In the early roman republic, Rome was technically a democracy but

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The roman constitution essentially ensured an oligarchic rule

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According to the patria potestas provision of the twelve tables, a roman father

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Had absolute power over his family, up to and including the power of life and death

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During the second Punic war, the Carthaginian general Hannibal

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Brought his entire army, including elephants, over the alps

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After Rome had twice defeated Carthage, a third Punic war

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Was provoked by war Hawks who thought Carthage must be destroyed

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Changes in the roman law of marriage in the second century BCE meant that

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Wives retained control of their fathers property, preserving their independence

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The greatest roman stoic, Cicero, believed that

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Virtue leads to happiness, and peace of mind is the highest goal

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When Julius Caesar adopted Octavian as his heir

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Octavian had to fight his rivals and kill his republican opponents

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In the aftermath of the assassination of Julius Caesar, the second triumvirate took out its revenge on everyone opposed to them; one of the more prominent victims of the second triumvirate was

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Cicero

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The Augustan system of government

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Is known as the early empire or principate because Octavian ruled as first citizen

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Those who ruled Rome from 96 to 180 CE were called the "five good emperors" because they

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Were capable administrators who governed successfully

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Pax Romana refers to the

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Long period in which there were no major wars within the Roman Empire

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Cultural and intellectual developments in Rome reached their pinnacle during the

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Principate

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Roman law consisted of three branches: civil law, natural law, and

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The law of nations

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According to chapter 6, it is probably best to assume that

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Jesus was a historical figure about whose life we know a great deal

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Jesus is the central figure in Christianity, but Paul was important

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As founder of the universal church, giving it theology and organization

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When Diocletian took power, he

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Isolated himself from ordinary business and people and introduced an eastern style of rule, wearing a diadem and purple robes

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Economic reforms introduced by the early fourth century Roman Empire included

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Wage and price controls fixed by the government

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Many Greek philosophies gained large numbers of roman adherents and shared several tenets, but the one that was instrumental in influencing Christian theology was

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Neoplatonism

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What point was in dispute between the Arians and Christian orthodoxy?

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Whether Jesus was of the same being and substance as God the father

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Augustine's confession is

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A series of autobiographical essays directed toward God

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The monastic way of life in the west was influenced greatly by the establishment of a set of rules written by

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Benedict

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Describe the historical concept of Late Antiquity introduced in Chapter 6?

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Late Antiquity is defined by the triumph of Christianity in the roman world, broad cultural assimilation, and the indulgence of "barbarian" culture

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Why did Justinian's re-conquest of the western Roman Empire fail?

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The costs associated with conquering and defending the vast western empire were too great

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It is difficult to date the beginning of the Byzantine history with precision because

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The Byzantine empire was the uninterrupted successor of the Roman Empire

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Between 610 and 1071, the major security threats to the Byzantine empire came from

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Persia, then the Muslim Arab armies that absorbed the Persian empire and streamed into North Africa

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The stability of Byzantine government was the product of

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An efficient bureaucracy

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Although the inconoclastic controversy was eventually resolved, it's lasting effects included the

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destruction of nearly all pre-eighth century religious art in the Byzantine empire

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The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia was influential in the history of architecture because it

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Placed a massive dome on a building with a square shape

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The word Islam means

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Submission

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The Hijarah (Heigira) refers to the Prophet Muhammad's move from

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Mecca to Medina

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The Shiite party arose among Muslims because

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Of a dispute about the proper succession of caliphs in seventh-century Arabia

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The Shiite claim to legitimacy rests on the direct connection to Muhammad through his daughter

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Fatimah

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Within Islam, social mobility was encouraged because of

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The teachings of Muhammad, which stressed the equality of all Muslim men

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The key figure in creating an alliance between the Carolingian family, the papacy, and Benedictine monasticism was

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Saint Boniface

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As a Christian king responsible for ruling a Christian society, Charlemagne

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Took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government

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Alcuin and his associates contributed significantly to literacy even until today by

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Copying corrected versions of biblical texts and inventing Carolingian minuscule script in the process

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What was a significant event in creating Byzantine hostility toward the Latin Christian world?

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The coronation of Charlemagne as roman emperor on Christmas Day, 800

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The Vikings settled the area in Europe known today as

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Normandy

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The overall unity of the Muslim world disintegrated during the tenth and eleventh centuries because of

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The fractured political unity of the Islamic world exacerbated dissent and tension within Islam itself

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