HIST 1301 – Ch 1-4 – EXAM 1 – Flashcards
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Which of the following is an example of "mound-building" society?
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Mississippian
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Most African immigrants came to the Americas from _________.
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West Africa
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Which religion took root in West Africa in the eleventh century?
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Islam
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The Renaissance originated in the city-states of ________.
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Italy
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Calvin emphasized the doctrine of _________.
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predestination
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Who opened a sea route from Europe to India
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Vasco de Gama
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Which European country funded Columbus's voyages?
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Spain
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Conquistadores came from ________.
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Spain
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Which disease devastated the Aztec population?
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Smallpox
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Where was the Inca empire primarily located?
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Peru
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_________ was an eloquent advocate for the Indians of Hispaniola.
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Bartolomé de Las Casas
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The "Black Death" killed what fraction of Europe's population?
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1/3
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Who introduced horses to America?
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Columbus
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The Treaty of Tordesillas affected which countries?
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Portugal and Spain
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Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River in order to _________.
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find a water route to Asia
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Which British monarch formed the Church of England separate from the Catholic Church?
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Henry VIII
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King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth first targeted _________ for colonization.
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Ireland
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Queen Elizabeth sent Frobisher in search of _________.
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the Northwest Passage
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Who was the first English child born in America?
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Virginia Dare
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A war between England and _________ delayed the dispatch of a relief ship for the Roanoke colony for three years.
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Spain
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Who wrote the "Discourse on the Western Planting"?
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Hakluyt
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What allowed early Americans to start permanent villages?
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Farming
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Which group developed Mesoamerica's most advanced writing system?
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Mayans
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In 1500, the overall state of relations among Native American groups was ________.
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unstable
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Which of the following tribes is a descendent of the ancestral Puebloan peoples?
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Hopi
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In the fifteenth century, West African empires were typically found in the ________ areas.
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inland
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In the fourteenth century, Europeans were most familiar with the __________ part of Africa.
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northern
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The majority of African slaves lost their freedom __________.
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by being captured in war
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Which of the following contributed to frequent warfare between West African states?
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proliferation of skilled metalworkers
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Which of the following contributed to European interest in the slave trade?
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The decline in population caused by the Black Plague
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According to Luther, salvation is the result of _________.
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faith
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What was the primary aim of the Counter-Reformation?
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To strengthen the Catholic Church
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Of the following events, which one most threatened trade between Europe and Asia?
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The fall of Constantinople to the Turks
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Which of the following allowed Portugal to develop a monopoly in Far Eastern trade?
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The design of the Caravel
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Which of the following prompted Columbus to turn Indians in slaves
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His frustration with the lack of gold in Hispaniola
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Which of the following helped the conquistadores to defeat the Aztecs?
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Superior Weaponry
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Pizarro arrived when the Inca empire was weakened, because _________.
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the Incas just suffered through a smallpox epidemic
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Which of the following was a transplant from the Old World to the New World?
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Sheep
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Where did the English first establish plantations?
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Ireland
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Hakluyt argued that the Indians, once civilized, would be _________.
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purchasers of English goods
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What did the Hakluyt consider "sincere religion"?
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Protestant Christianity
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During the sixteenth century, which of the following countries was unsuccessful in its attempted to create a permanent settlement in the Americas?
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England
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Which of the following English explorers demonstrated respect for the native populations of North America?
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Hariot
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What was the key difference between the slavery in Africa and slavery in the Americas?
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Slavery in Africa involved less coercion and abuse
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Which of the following aspects of the Columbian Exchange had the greatest negative effect?
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The exchange of disease
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Which of the following initially prevented France and England from pursing rights to New World land?
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The Protestant Reformation
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Who founded a permanent settlement in Quebec in 1608?
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Samuel de Champlain
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What is the meaning of the term 'filles du Roi'?
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King's Daughter
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The Dutch Republic was _________.
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predominantly Protestant
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By 1600, which group had become the leading economic power in Europe?
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The Dutch
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Large, landed estates were offered to wealthy Dutchmen from the West India Company in the 1630's were called _________.
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patroonships
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The Virginia Company was composed primarily of merchants from _________.
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London
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What was the House of Burgesses?
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The first legislative body in English America
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What did indentured servants receive for their labor?
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Free passage to America
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Which law, passed in 1649, called for freedom of worship for all Christians?
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The Act for Religious Toleration
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Widows in the English colonies _________.
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controlled their deceased husbands' lands until their eldest son reached 21
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Which of the following was a common disease in the Chesapeake colonies?
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Malaria
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The first New England settlement, founded in 1620, was ________.
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Plymouth Colony
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The Wampanoag leader was named _________.
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Massasoit
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Freemen in the General Court in Massachusetts were those male property holders who _________.
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were church members
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The settlers in which area adopted the Fundamental Orders?
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Connecticut
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Anne Hutchinson held religious meetings in _________.
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Boston
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What happened in 1642 that slowed the number of settlers to New England?
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The outbreak of the English Civil War
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The Spanish began importing African slaves to Santa Domingo to grow sugar cane, because ________.
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many Indians had died from disease
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By 1700, more than ________ slaves had been brought to the English West Indies.
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250,000
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The first Europeans in the Caribbean concentrated on _________.
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mining for precious metals
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By the 1640's, the principal crop grown in Barbados went from bring tobacco to ________.
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sugar
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The Fundamental Constitution of Carolina ensured stability by linking property ownership and political right to ________.
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a hierarchical social order
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The Dutch colony of New Netherlands split to become the two proprietary colonies of ________.
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New Jersey and New York
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Who devised the "Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina"?
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Anthony Ashley Cooper
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Which crop, introduced in the 1690's became a staple for the Carolina economy?
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Rice
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What situation interrupted France's efforts to establish a foothold in North America?
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Religious warfare between Catholics and Protestants
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The total number of French settlers in Canada ________.
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was less than the total number of England's North American settlers
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The instrument of colonial dominance for the Dutch was the ________.
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Dutch East India Company
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The settlers in New Netherland treated the Iroquois people as _________.
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trading partners
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What was the greatest challenge facing the Maryland colony?
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Religious conflict
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Which of the following was a joint-stock company that was granted a charter to establish an English colony in the New World?
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Plymouth
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Falling tobacco prices in the eighteenth century caused the colonists to _________.
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produce more tobacco
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The Puritans who founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony _________.
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wanted to reform the Anglican Church
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The first document the establish self-government -- and the decisions of the majority -- in North America was _________.
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the Mayflower Compact
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Unlike the Virginia settlers, most Englanders settled in America with ________.
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their families
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Compared to families in the Chesapeake region, New England families ________.
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had more children
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Relative to Virginia's economy, New England's economy was ________.
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more diversified
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Why did Anne Hutchinson move to Rhode Island?
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Rhode Island had a policy of religious toleration
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Which of the following was one on the ways the slaves managed to preserve some elements of a normal life under the brutal conditions of slavery and the slave codes?
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They formed families
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Farming of which of the following caused widespread deforestation of entire Caribbean islands?
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Sugar Cane
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Why was it difficult for colonists to become wealthy in the sugar trade?
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Production of sugar required costly investments in land and equiptment.
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Which country turned Brazil into one of the world's major producers of sugar?
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Portugal
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The profits earned from rice persuaded Carolina planters to ________.
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bring more indentured servants to the region
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Rice farming was very similar to the farming of ________.
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sugar
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Which colonial religious group granted women spiritual equality with men?
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Quakers
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Which of the following colonies had an established practice of peaceful and respectful interactions with the native population?
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Pennsylvania
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The Quakers rejected _________ and believed that salvation was possible for anyone who sought it.
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predetermination
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Which of the following stalled population growth in the Chesapeake colonies?
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Prohibition on marriage of indentured servants
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Which of the following offered colonists the greatest religious freedom?
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Rhode Island
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What was the dominant religion in the English colonies during the seventeenth century?
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Anglican
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Which European settlers sought the greatest amount of direct control over Indian laborers?
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Spanish
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One of the Spaniards' most important methods of labor control was the ________.
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encomienda
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Which European group was the most successful in adapting to the Native American understanding of trade?
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The French
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During the Beaver Wars, the Dutch supplied the _______ with guns.
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Iroquois
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Property rights among the Indians were held ________.
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collectively
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Spain's religious missionaries to America represented which religion?
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Catholicism
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Franciscan missionaries insisted that Indian converts ________.
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abandon their former ways of life and adopt everything from Spanish culture and life
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Where did King Philip's War take place?
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New England
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Where did Bacon's Rebellion occur?
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Virginia
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Popé was a leader within which Indian tribe?
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Pueblos
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The Arabic word for slave, abd, became synonymous with _________.
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black man
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Arab slave traders frequently sought slaves in _______.
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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Slaves who could not escape while still in Africa suffered through a lengthy voyage called ________.
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The Middle Passage
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Georgia was founded as a refuge for _________.
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English debtors
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The first generation of slaves in America is referred to as ________.
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the charter generation
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Which slave population lived longer than African immigrants?
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Creole slave population
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What was the rarest form of slave resistance?
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Organized rebellion
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What was the largest slave uprising?
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Stono Rebellion
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In 1750, indentured servitude was most common in ______.
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the Chesapeake region
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Chesapeake planters often relied upon _______ as another source of unfree laborers.
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English convicts
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Which group used the redemptioner system most often?
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The Germans
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During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, nearly _______ Scot-Irish people emigrated to the American colonies.
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250,000
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Merchants often paid fisherman in New England on a ________.
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credit system
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In 1770, the second-largest ethnic group in the British mainland colonies was ________.
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African
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Approximately _________ of the victims of modern-day slavery are female.
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one-half
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By 1750, which group dominated much of North America?
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Native Americans
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Disputes between European and Indians frequently arose from misunderstandings about _________.
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the definition of land ownership and property rights
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Settlers from which European country frequently imposed a mandatory draft of Indian labor for public projects?
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Spain
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Indians often demanded which of the following before they would trade with European settlers?
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Military aid
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The French generally utilized what to control Indian laborers?
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Economic pressure
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Which group suffered the greatest losses in the Beaver Wars of the 1680's?
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Iroquois
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Which of the following countries successfully used missionaries to increase their influence in the New World?
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France
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Slavery was first abolished in _________.
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northern Europe
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Labor costs in America were ________.
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higher than in Europe
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In North America, slaves often _________.
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sought to forge community ties and preserve elements of their African heritage
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The last country in the New World to abolish slavery was ________.
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Brazil
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Family ties for slaves made life more tolerable, but hindered ________.
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escape plans
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Why were African slaves preferred over Indian slaves in English colonies?
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Indian slaves could more readily escape
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Who could typically be found in a "maroon settlement"?
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Runaway African slaves
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Which of the following was a southern response to African slave rebellion?
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Encouragement of more white immigration
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Northern farmers primarily relied upon _______ for labor.
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their children
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Emigrants flowed to places where ________.
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land was cheap and labor most in demand
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Which of the following used family farms as the predominant labor system?
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Rhode Island
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Which of the following systems required payment after passage to the New World?
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Redemptioner
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Colonists who owned undeveloped land often became ________ to generate income.
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landlords
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Which of the following groups emigrated to the Americas after their religion was outlawed in their homeland?
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French Huguenots
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Why did few people immigrate to New England in the late eighteenth century?
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Early settlers had already taken the best land
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Which of the following cause increased hostilities between Indian tribes in North America?
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Competition for European trade relationships
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The following contributed to the sharp rise in the number of African slaves transported to North America?
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An abundance of cheap land
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The following best describes most colonial laborers.
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Oppressed
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England's economic system between 1651 and 1733 could best be described as _________.
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mercantilist
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Th Navigation Act of 151 required that all __________.
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trade carried out in the English empire had to be conducted in English ships
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Which of the following was an enumerated product?
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Indigo
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In the eighteenth century, nearly _________ percent of the colonial tobacco was reexported to continental Europe.
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90 %
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Merchants brought sugar byproducts back to New England to be distilled into ______.
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rum
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Once an apprentice completed his training, he became a ________.
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journeyman
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Courtesy books _________.
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contained the rules of polite behavior
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The man who made the greatest scientific contributions was __________.
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Benjamin Franklin
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Most Congregationalist ministers were trained at ________.
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Harvard University
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The Halfway Covenant allowed whom to be baptized?
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The children of those who had been baptized but had not experienced conversion
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A 1691 royal charter granted "liberty of conscience" to _________.
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all Protestants
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George Whitefield belonged to the clergy of which religion?
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The Anglican religion
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Those converted in religious revivals were called _______.
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New Lights
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What was the name of the body formed in 1675 to oversee colonial affairs?
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Lords of Trade
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Maine was originally part of which colony?
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Connecticut
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William of Orange took over the throne of England after the _______.
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Glorious Revolution
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Who did King James put into power to govern the Dominion of New England?
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Edmund Andros
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The Bill of Rights passed by the British Parliament in 1689 declared that ________.
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future monarchs were to be bound by the rule of law
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Governors exercised _______ power over colonial assemblies than the King did over Parliament.
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more
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During the first half of the eighteenth century, England's holdings in America ________.
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grew
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In the early eighteenth century, which group controlled California and Texas?
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Spanish
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The chapel San Antonio de Valero late came to be known as _______.
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The Alamo
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In the Grand Settlement of 1701, the Iroquois pledged neutrality with respect to England and ________.
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France
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King George's War was known as Europe as ________.
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the War of the Austrian Succession
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Which British Secretary of State directed the country's war effort from 1757 to 1761?
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Pitt
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In the 1700's , the most advanced economic power in Europe was ________.
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England
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During the eighteenth century, the gap between the rich and poor in the colonies ________.
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widened
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Most manufactured good consumed by colonists were produced in ________.
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England
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Indians in the colonies were _______ purchasers of imported English goods.
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discerning
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________ required products from Europe and Asia to be landed in England before being shipped to the colonies.
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The Navigation Act
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________ were instituted to address poverty among white colonists.
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Workhouses
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________ was a sign of wealth and gentility in the colonies during the eighteenth century.
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Tea Parties
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Literacy rates among eighteenth-century colonists were ________.
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high relative to the rest of the world
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Thinkers during the Age of Enlightenment stressed _________.
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the power of human reason
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Colonists who could read were most likely to read ________.
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the Bible
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When James II fled England for France, many citizens felt relieved that _________.
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the country would not continue in a Catholic line of succession
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Americans rejected English political customs by opting for _______ representation.
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actual
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The following country relied on Native American allies to secure their claims to North American territory?
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France
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The influence and power of the _______ empire declined substantially during the eighteenth century.
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Spanish
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Between 1730 and 1770, the region known as the _______ was settled primarily by German, Scot-Irish, and English settlers.
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backcountry
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Why did the Spanish move into Texas and California?
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To create a buffer zone around their existing colonies.
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How was the French attitude toward Native Americans different than the American attitude when it came to expansion?
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The French sought to form Indian alliances
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As English wartime debt increased, _________.
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taxes increased
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A funded debt is a debt _______.
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whose interest only is paid
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Which of the following was a benefit off Iroquois neutrality for Europeans?
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Land sales
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What was the immediate cause of King George's War?
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British attempts to poach Spanish trade in the Caribbean
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How did the British respond to Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne?
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They installed a new commander and sent more troops
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________ motivated British imperial trade regulations.
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The goal of achieving a favorable balance of trade across the Empire
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_______ had the greatest impact on the worldview of most eighteenth century colonists.
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Religion
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The following best describes American society during the eighteenth century.
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American society closely resembled British society, but had critical differences
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