question

In the North, the Civil War especially elevated the power of:

answer

business leaders

question

Which of the following was NOT a task of the Freedmen's Bureau?

answer

arming the freedmen

question

At the end of the Civil War, the newly freed slaves were given:

answer

medical and legal assistance from the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands

question

Under Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction:

answer

10 percent of the 1860 voters had to take an oath of allegiance to the Union

question

On what basis did President Lincoln claim the right to direct Reconstruction?

answer

Lincoln claimed constitutional provisions pertaining to presidential power gave him the authority.

question

Why did Congressional Republicans write the "Wade-Davis Manifesto"?

answer

to protest Lincoln's veto of the Wade-Davis Bill and accuse Lincoln of exceeding his constitutional authority

question

Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth:

answer

was a pro-Confederate actor

question

Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson:

answer

was a pro-Union southerner

question

Why was Johnson picked as Lincoln's running mate in 1864?

answer

As a gesture of unity, they combined to create a National Union ticket.

question

Johnson's Proclamation of Amnesty excluded the people he blamed for leading the South into secession. They were:

answer

the wealthy planters, merchants, and bankers

question

Southern efforts to recreate a society that looked similar to the Confederacy had what political impact?

answer

Moderate Republicans moved to support Radical Republicans' Reconstruction policies

question

Why did Radical Republicans want to disenfranchise former Confederates?

answer

to keep them from electing Democrats eager to restore the old southern ruling class to power

question

The main issue that caused the dispute between Congress and President Johnson was:

answer

a growing conflict of opinion over Reconstruction policy

question

Why did the Radical-led Congress pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866?

answer

It was a response to the "black codes" and the neo-slavery system created by unrepentant southern legislatures.

question

The 1866 congressional elections:

answer

gave Republicans veto-proof majorities

question

What state was the only one in the nation that did not ratify all three constitutional amendments related to ending slavery

answer

Kentucky

question

During Reconstruction, African Americans

answer

attempted to establish schools

question

Most carpetbaggers were

answer

Union veterans

question

Most scalawags were white southerners who had

answer

opposed secession

question

Many former Confederates resented the new state Constitutions imposed by Radical Republicans because

answer

their provisions allowed for black voting and civil rights

question

Ulysses S. Grant

answer

brought little political experience and judgment to the presidency

question

"Hard-money" advocates argued that government war bonds should be:

answer

paid off in gold

question

Jay Gould and James Fisk triggered a scandal with their scheme to

answer

corner the gold market

question

By the time President Grant took office, southern resistance to the Reconstruction efforts had

answer

turned violent

question

The primary objective of the Ku Klux Klan was

answer

oppressing blacks and white Republicans

question

In response to the Klan, President Grant

answer

tried to protect black rights

question

Why was the 1876 Supreme Court decision in United States v. Cruikshank (which pertained to the Colfax Massacre) significan

answer

It decided that states' rights trumped federal authority when it came to protecting freed blacks from white terrorists.

question

Why didn't President Grant seek a third term in 1876?

answer

By 1875, he acknowledged the growing opposition to his renomination.

question

On what issue did the Democratic and Republican presidential candidates largely agree on during the 1876 campaign?

answer

relaxing federal authority in the South

question

What happened after the end of Reconstruction?

answer

The protections of black civil rights crumbled under the pressure of restored white rule and unfavorable Supreme Court decisions.

question

All of the following factors helped accelerate economic growth after the Civil War EXCEPT:

answer

the use of prison labor by railroad companies

question

Interconnected transportation and communications networks were essential to the origins of the Second Industrial Revolution in the United States because:

answer

they facilitated the emergence of a national and even international markets for American goods and services

question

The work of Cornelius Vanderbilt helps emphasize that:

answer

business consolidation put the control of railroads in few hands

question

Who developed the first alternating current electric system?

answer

George Westinghouse

question

Why was the development of the alternating current electric system significant?

answer

It enabled electricity to be transmitted across long distances.

question

What was one main reason electric motors were significant to the industrialization of the late nineteenth century?

answer

They freed factories to locate wherever they wished and not just by waterfalls and coal deposits

question

The Pennsylvania oil rush:

answer

outweighed, in economic importance, the California gold rush of a decade before

question

"Trusts" like Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust were vulnerable because they:

answer

were appealing targets for prosecution on the grounds of monopoly or restraint of trade

question

During the Gilded Age, the rich were getting richer and

answer

many other people were at least better off

question

For industrial workers in Gilded Age America

answer

working and living conditions remained precarious

question

All of the following statements are reasons why child labor was problematic EXCEPT:

answer

child laborers took well-paying jobs from legal immigrants

question

The Molly Maguires

answer

aimed to right the perceived wrongs against Irish coal workers

question

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was provoked by

answer

wage cuts that followed a depression

question

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

answer

ended when the workers, who lacked organized bargaining power, returned to work

question

Why did Chinese refer to the Geary Act of 1892 as the "Dog Tag Law"?

answer

It required Chinese to carry their residential permit with them at all times or risk imprisonment and deportation.

question

The National Labor Union:

answer

was influential in getting Congress to enact an eight-hour workday for federal employees

question

The Knights of Labor

answer

called for men and women to have equal pay for equal work

question

The greatest growth of the Knights of Labor took place

answer

in the mid-1880s, when the union had several strikes against the railroads

question

The Haymarket affair

answer

was blamed on seven anarchist leaders despite a lack of evidence

question

The American Federation of Labor

answer

was primarily concerned with securing concrete economic gains

question

Membership in the American Federation of Labor at first

answer

grew slowly

question

How did the AFL differ from the Knights of Labor

answer

The AFL was a federation of national organizations, each of which retained a large degree of its autonomy, while the Knights organization was more centralized.

question

The Homestead strike

answer

was waged against a Carnegie company

question

Violence erupted at the Homestead Works in 1892 when

answer

Henry Frick tried to break a strike by bringing in Pinkertons

question

President Grover Cleveland's response to the Pullman strike was to

answer

send federal troops to keep the trains running

question

Mary "Mother Jones" Harris promoted all of the following causes EXCEPT

answer

temperance

question

Daniel De Leon

answer

was the leading figure in the Socialist Labor party

question

Marxism, one strain of socialism, was imported to the United States mainly by

answer

Germans

question

The state that gave the highest percentage vote to the Socialist presidential candidate in 1912 was

answer

Oklahoma

question

William D. "Big Bill" Haywood

answer

was the leader of the Industrial Workers of the World

question

The major prophet of the New South gospel was

answer

Henry W. Grady

question

Proponents of creating a "New South" argued that the Confederacy lost the Civil War because

answer

it relied too much upon King Cotton

question

Proponents of the New South believed that the South should

answer

industrialize

question

In the late 1800s, the South experienced major increases in the production in all of the following areas EXCEPT

answer

automobiles

question

The American Tobacco Company was

answer

dominating the U.S. tobacco industry by the twentieth century

question

Why was Alabama named the "Pittsburgh of the South"

answer

It was an iron center.

question

Who was a prominent southern tobacco executive during the late nineteenth century?

answer

James Buchanan Duke

question

The postwar South suffered from an acute shortage of:

answer

capital

question

Fertilizers in the South

answer

accelerated soil depletion by enabling multiple plantings each year

question

Perhaps the ultimate paradox of the Bourbons' rule was that their paragons of white supremacy tolerated

answer

a lingering black voice in politics

question

Black migrants to the West were called "Exodusters" because

answer

they were often making their exodus from the South

question

The very poor generally did not migrate to the West because

answer

they generally could not afford the expense of transportation, land, and supplies

question

All of the following groups were prominent in the West during the late nineteenth century EXCEPT

answer

slaves

question

Buffalo soldiers were

answer

black soldiers who served in the West

question

The Comstock Lode refers to

answer

a mining discovery of gold and silver in Nevada

question

Why was hydraulic mining so damaging to the environment?

answer

It caused tons of dirt and debris to clog rivers, kill fish, and pollute downstream farmland.

question

In the battle at the Little Bighorn River in 1876:

answer

some 2,500 Indians annihilated a detachment of 210 soldiers

question

The Indian tribe that defeated Custer and put up the greatest resistance to U.S. domination was the

answer

Sioux

question

By the late nineteenth century, Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Indians believed:

answer

the time had come to stop fighting and put a stop to his people's needless deaths

question

In 1877, President Rutherford Hayes addressed the American approach to dealing with Native Americans, saying:

answer

"Indian wars have had their origin in broken promises and acts of injustice on our part"

question

Which of the following statements about the cowboys' frontier is NOT true?

answer

Blacks were generally not permitted to be cowboys.

question

The first great cowtown was

answer

Abilene, Kansas

question

Cowtown" refers to

answer

towns that grew up in the West as a result of the expanding cattle industry

question

Why was the expansion of railroads significant to the growth of the cattle industry?

answer

As the railroads increased the ability to ship huge numbers of western cattle, more "cowtowns" were established in the West.

question

Much of the development of the western plains has been shaped by its:

answer

arid climate

question

This export crop spurred growth in agriculture in the West during the late nineteenth century:

answer

wheat

question

The fight for survival in the trans-Mississippi West made men and women:

answer

more equal partners than were their eastern counterparts

question

In much of the nineteenth century, women in Texas were legally prohibited from:

answer

serving on juries

question

The historian Frederick Jackson Turner argued that:

answer

the frontier shaped America's national character

question

The so-called "frontier thesis" is problematic because, among other things:

answer

it exaggerated the homogenizing effect of the frontier environment and virtually ignored the role of women

question

Which region of the United States had the greatest proportion of urban dwellers?

answer

the Far West

question

One of the reasons mass transit was significant to developing cities was because:

answer

it allowed larger numbers of people to become commuters and live away from the central city

question

Tenement houses in New York City

answer

had higher mortality rates than among the general population

question

As a result of overcrowding, sanitation, and ventilation problems in tenements

answer

the mortality rate among the urban poor was much higher than the general population

question

All of the following contributed to epidemics, disease, and high mortality rates in the growing cities EXCEPT:

answer

the banishment of animals to outside city limits

question

What do cholera, typhoid, and yellow fever all have in common?

answer

They are all water-related diseases.

question

Why did the U.S. government open Ellis Island?

answer

It was part of a federal effort to take charge of admitting immigrants to the country in light of the corruption that afflicted the city of New York's system.

question

After 1890, most immigrants were

answer

from southern and eastern Europe

question

The American Protective Association:

answer

was a nativist group strongest in the upper Mississippi Valley

question

Angel Island was:

answer

the equivalent of Ellis Island located offshore from San Francisco

question

The exclusion of Chinese immigrants:

answer

originally called for a ten-year term

question

Why was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 significant in American immigration history?

answer

It was the first federal law to restrict immigration on the basis of race and class.

question

Middle- and upper-class urban families spent much of their leisure time:

answer

together at home playing games or reading books

question

All of the following statements about newspapers in the late nineteenth century are true EXCEPT

answer

they usually did not support either of the national political parties

question

Vaudeville shows were popular because

answer

they included something to please every taste, social class, and type

question

Around 1900, saloons did all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

serve as a great place for immigrant men to meet women

question

Frederick Law Olmsted is most famous for designing:

answer

great urban parks in America

question

All of the following emerged as popular spectator sports with mass appeal in urban areas in the late nineteenth century EXCEPT:

answer

shuffleboard

question

Facing severe restrictions in their free time, married working women often:

answer

found fellowship with other women on the public streets while tending to other responsibilities

question

Young, urban women eager for recreation often encountered far more obstacles than men because:

answer

parents and authorities tried to limit their access to "cheap amusements"

question

Baseball could lay claim to being the most democratic sport in nineteenth century America because:

answer

people of all social classes attended the games

question

All of the following statements about football are true EXCEPT:

answer

It was invented by James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts

question

as America industrialized and immigration increased, access to secondary education in the United States:

answer

expanded dramatically

question

The spread of public education between the 1880s and 1900 reflected the desire:

answer

to Americanize immigrant children

question

The Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890:

answer

established and funded land-grant colleges

question

The first women's college to teach by the same standards as the best of the men's colleges was:

answer

Vassar

question

Women's access to higher education by the end of the century:

answer

expanded significantly to the point that women made up one-third of all college students

question

William Graham Sumner

answer

argued in his book Folkways that it was a mistake for the government to interfere with established customs

question

Though both embraced "pragmatism," William James and John Dewey differed in their approaches to philosophizing because:

answer

Dewey threw himself into progressive social movements, while James did no

question

John Dewey's "instrumentalism

answer

said that ideas were instruments for action

question

When Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner labeled the post-Civil War era the "Gilded Age," they implied that it was characterized by

answer

widespread greed and corruption

question

One of the most important reasons that voter turnout was so high during the Gilded Age was that:

answer

due to patronage and corruption by political machines, almost every government job was subject to the results of the latest election results

question

The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act:

answer

provided for appointment to a number of government jobs on the basis of competitive exams

question

Which of the following best describes Rutherford B. Hayes and civil service reform?

answer

Hayes did not get civil service legislation through Congress, but he set up his own rules for merit appointments.

question

As president, Chester Arthur proved to be:

answer

surprisingly competent and independent

question

The reason that Chester A. Arthur did not win a second term in 1884 is that:

answer

Republican party leaders were not pleased with his first-term record and did not nominate him to run for a second term

question

During the campaign for the presidential election of 1884, many prominent Republican leaders and supporters left the party because:

answer

letters were discovered linking candidate James G. Blaine to the railroads

question

Mugwumps were centered in:

answer

large cities and major universities in the northeast

question

Why did President Cleveland's support of tariff reform hurt his chances at reelection in 1888?

answer

It inspired business leaders who supported high tariffs to donate millions of dollars to the Republican campaign to defeat Cleveland.

question

To fend off Cleveland's efforts to reduce the tariff, ______ gave the Republicans over $3 million in the election of 1888.

answer

business owners

question

With the Murchison letter, a California Republican used a lie to suggest a link between

answer

Cleveland and British free traders

question

Benjamin Harrison lost the popular vote in the 1888 election. How was he able to win the presidency?

answer

He earned a majority of the electoral votes.

question

Commodity prices during the Gilded Age declined in large part because of:

answer

overproduction and international competition in world markets

question

The Supreme Court decision Munn v. Illinois was significant to understanding the power of government to regulate industry because:

answer

it upheld the right of state and local governments to regulate industry essential to the public welfare

question

The Independent National party:

answer

was more commonly known as the Greenback party

question

What distinguished the Farmers' Alliances from the Granger Movement?

answer

The Grange was a national organization that tended to attract more prosperous farmers, while the Alliances were grass roots organizations filled with struggling farmers.

question

What was the purpose of the "subtreasury plan"?

answer

It allowed farmers to secure low-interest government loans.

question

Which of the following individuals was NOT one of the leaders in the Farmers' Alliance movement?

answer

George H. Pendleton

question

All the following were included in the 1892 Omaha platform of the People's party EXCEPT:

answer

returning to the gold standard

question

In the presidential election of 1892, the Populist candidate:

answer

won twenty-two electoral votes

question

Why did the Populists endorse an eight-hour workday and immigration restrictions as part of their 1892 platform?

answer

They were hoping to win support from urban factory workers to complement their agrarian base.

question

One of the causes of the 1893 depression was failure of:

answer

the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad

question

In the depression of 1893, unemployment hovered around:

answer

20 percent

question

In the 1896 campaign, William Jennings Bryan:

answer

spoke and campaigned all over the country

question

In the presidential election of 1896, all of the following may be applied to William Jennings Bryan EXCEPT that he:

answer

won after gaining the support of Theodore Roosevelt

question

One of the main reasons McKinley defeated Bryan in the election of 1896 was that:

answer

Bryan got little support from factory workers in the cities

question

In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court:

answer

. upheld a southern segregation law

question

Who was the first president of the National Association of Colored Women?

answer

Mary Church Terrell

question

Booker T. Washington

answer

offered an indirect endorsement of segregation

question

Economic prosperity was returning to the country by 1897 because of:

answer

the inflationary impact of various gold discoveries around the world

question

Western imperialism in the late nineteenth century was stimulated by all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

the fear that Bolshevik ideas might advance around the globe

question

John Fiske

answer

wrote American Political Ideas, a book that stressed the superior character of Anglo-Saxon peoples and institutions

question

Alfred Thayer Mahan:

answer

argued that sea power was essential to national greatness

question

Queen Liliuokalani:

answer

opposed the Americanization of Hawaii

question

What is "yellow journalism"?

answer

It refers to sensationalist news coverage that was designed to sell papers and manipulate public opinion.

question

The de Lôme letter:

answer

referred to President McKinley as a weak and cowardly leade

question

One reason the United States went to war against Spain was that:

answer

there was strong support among the American people for going to war

question

Emilio Aguinaldo:

answer

was the Filipino rebel leader

question

As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States:

answer

emerged as an imperial power

question

All of the following were put forward as reasons for the United States annexing the Philippines EXCEPT

answer

gaining access to large oil and coal deposits in the Philippines

question

Why did the United States fight a war in the Philippines after the Spanish-American War?

answer

to quell an insurrection of Filipinos who opposed annexation by the U.S.

question

The Philippine-American War became known for:

answer

its brutality and the atrocities committed by both sides

question

The notion that Americans were God's chosen people was often used to:

answer

justify American imperialism and territorial acquisitions

question

Why were American Catholics troubled by Protestant efforts to evangelize in Spain's former colonies?

answer

The people of those territories were already Christians who belonged to the Catholic Church.

question

The Platt Amendment

answer

sharply restricted the independence of Cuba's new government

question

The Boxer Rebellion took place in:

answer

China

question

With the Boxer Rebellion, all of the following occurred EXCEPT

answer

Secretary of State Hay abandoned the Open Door

question

Mark Hanna opposed naming Theodore Roosevelt as McKinley's running mate in the 1900 election because Hanna

answer

saw Roosevelt as a madman who just might become president

question

Why was Theodore Roosevelt picked as William McKinley's running mate for the 1900 election?

answer

Roosevelt was a popular figure from his exploits in the Spanish-American War and had been a strong public supporter of McKinley.

question

To reward Theodore Roosevelt for his vigorous campaigning on behalf of William McKinley in 1896, the new president appointed Roosevelt:

answer

assistant secretary of the navy

question

Who was president when the United States acquired the right to build a canal across Panama?

answer

Theodore Roosevelt

question

The Roosevelt Corollary:

answer

stated that the United States could intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries to forestall the intervention of other powers

question

As a result of Japan's show of strength in the Russo-Japanese War:

answer

Americans began to doubt the security of the Philippines

question

Roosevelt's "Gentlemen's Agreement":

answer

stopped the flow of Japanese immigrants to America

question

Through his intervention in the Moroccan crisis in 1906, President Roosevelt:

answer

may have prevented a war pitting France and Britain against Germany

question

The "yellow peril"was

answer

racially charged description of a perceived threat from Japan

question

Roosevelt's intervention in the Russo-Japanese War and the Moroccan dispute:

answer

won him the Nobel Peace Prize of 1906

question

Why did Theodore Roosevelt send the "Great White Fleet" on a world tour between 1907 and 1909?

answer

to demonstrate that the U.S. had arrived as a world power

question

In hindsight, Roosevelt's approach to foreign policy was problematic because:

answer

his efforts to deploy American power abroad were accompanied by a racist ideology

question

The muckrakers saw their primary objective as

answer

exposing social problems to the public

question

Progressives supported all of the following as measures to democratize government EXCEPT

answer

the poll tax

question

The commission plan of city government was first adopted in:

answer

Galveston, Texas

question

The originator of the "Wisconsin idea" of efficient government was:

answer

Robert M. La Follette

question

The National Child Labor Committee pushed

answer

for laws prohibiting the employment of young children

question

Jane Addams called the impulse to found settlement houses

answer

"Christian humanitarianism"

question

Frances Willard lobbied:

answer

for women to become ministers

question

In 1917, a Prohibition amendment to the Constitution:

answer

passed Congress, then went to the states for ratification

question

During the coal strike of 1902

answer

President Theodore Roosevelt won support for his use of the "big stick" against corporations

question

Which of the following statements regarding the coal strike of 1902 is NOT true?

answer

Roosevelt once bellowed that "the Constitution is more important than coal!"

question

Congress established the Bureau of Corporations:

answer

to monitor the activities of interstate corporations

question

The Hepburn Act of 1906:

answer

authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum rates for railroads

question

In the area of conservation, Theodore Roosevel

answer

used the Forest Reserve Act to withdraw over 170 million acres of timberland from logging

question

The Newlands Act of 1902:

answer

established a new federal agency to deal with water in the West

question

In the 1908 presidential race

answer

the Democrats once again nominated William Jennings Bryan

question

______ eventually became chief justice of the Supreme Court

answer

William Howard Taft

question

As president, Taft:

answer

preserved more public lands in four years than Roosevelt had in nearly eight

question

In the presidential election of 1912, William Howard Taft:

answer

was the Republican candidate

question

Woodrow Wilson was

answer

a professor and college president

question

Which candidate was shot during the 1912 presidential campaign?

answer

Theodore Roosevelt

question

Of the four presidential candidates in 1912, the one most likely to advocate government ownership of big business was

answer

Eugene Debs

question

Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom platform:

answer

proposed vigorous anti-trust action to break up corporate concentration

question

In his first term as president, Wilson did all of the following EXCEPT

answer

failed to reorganize the banking system

question

Upon becoming president, Wilson appointed as secretary of state:

answer

William Jennings Bryan

question

The Clayton Anti-Trust Act

answer

outlawed price discrimination and interlocking directorates

question

The Federal Reserve Act did all of the following EXCEPT

answer

shifted the U.S. Treasury back to the gold standard

question

The election of 1912 brought about all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

brought the same man to the White House in nonconsecutive terms

question

Despite his racist views, President Wilson still nominated Josephus Daniels for:

answer

secretary of the navy

question

Louis D. Brandeis

answer

. was the first Jewish member of the Supreme Court

question

The Adamson Act of 1916

answer

established the eight-hour day for railroad workers

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