Health and Wellness Chapter 1 and five steps to cancer – Flashcards
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Learning Objectives Describe the medical and wellness models of health. List the key points of the World Health Organization definition of health. List and describe the six dimensions of wellness. List the three health behaviors responsible for most of the actual causes of death. Define lifestyle disease.
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The Definition of Health
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Learning Objectives (continued) Identify the goals of Healthy People 2020. List and describe the major health issues of college students. Describe the Health Belief Model, Transtheoretical Model, and Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior.
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The Definition of Health
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Models of Health Dimensions of Health and Wellness Lifestyle Diseases The U.S. Medical Care System Healthy People 2020 Health Issues of College Students Making Healthy Lifestyle Changes
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The Definition of Health
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What is your definition of health? Wellness? Are they the same for everyone in the class? What are the most important things that characterize what we think of as health?
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The Wellness Model of Health
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There are many aspects that people bring into health; it is impossible to define or measure health but there are certain things that go with the term health. World Health Organization defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity."
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The Wellness Model of Health
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Health is a dynamic process that is affected by the decisions we make every day. It is a way of life.
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The Wellness Model of Health
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Medical model Wellness model
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Models of Health
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Health incorporates three ideas: Being free from symptoms of disease and pain as much as possible. Being active, able to do what you want and do what you must at the appropriate times. Being in good spirits and feeling emotionally healthy most of the time.
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Wellness Model of Health
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Medical Model Health is the absence of one or more of the "five Ds": death, disease, discomfort, disability, and dissatisfaction. Relies almost exclusively on biological explanations of disease and illness and on interpreting them in terms of malfunction.
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Models of Health
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measure the health status of a population.
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Vital statistics
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describes the predominance of a disease in a population.
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Prevalence
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means the occurrence of particular diseases; the frequency at which certain diseases occur; the number of people who contract a disease or illness within a specifically given period of time.
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Incidence
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data are statistics on the number of people suffering from illness in a given population.
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Morbidity
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data are the number of deaths in a given population.
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Mortality
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The wellness model encompasses the physiological, mental, emotional, social, spiritual, and environmental aspects of health. It emphasizes self-healing, the promotion of health, and the prevention of illness rather than solely the treatment of disease. (many believe in self healing)
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Wellness Model
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requires understanding emotions and coping with problems that arise in everyday life.
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Emotional wellness
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involves having a mind open to new ideas and concepts. Spiritual wellness is the state of harmony between you and others.
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Intellectual wellness
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is being able to enjoy what you are doing to earn a living or to contribute to society.
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Occupational wellness
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is the ability to perform social roles effectively, comfortably, and without harming others.
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Social wellness
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is a healthy body maintained by eating right, exercising regularly, avoiding harmful habits, making informed and responsible decisions about health, seeking medical care when needed, and participating in activities that help to prevent illness.
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Physical wellness
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Today's "lifestyle diseases," chronic diseases caused by lifestyle behaviors, are the leading causes of illness and death. Taking responsibility for our behaviors means changing our negative lifestyles to positive lifestyles; by doing so, we can avoid illness and achieve wellness, or optimal health.
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Lifestyle Diseases
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This graph represents the number of preventable deaths in the year 2010.
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Lifestyle Diseases
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Approximately half of the 2.6 million deaths in the United States each year are due to lifestyle factors. Leading the list of life-shortening behaviors is tobacco use, which is responsible for more than 446,000 deaths among Americans per year.
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Lifestyle Diseases
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Unhealthy diet and activity patterns contribute to the next highest number of deaths in the United States after tobacco: Associated with heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. Alcohol abuse accounts for close to 48,000 deaths each year. Some of these deaths are attributed to environmental factors, such as agents that people are exposed to in the workplace and elsewhere.
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Lifestyle Diseases
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Type 2 Diabetes as a Lifestyle Disease Type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent) was formerly referred to as "maturity onset" diabetes. Often is associated with being overweight. Currently, 26 million Americans have diabetes, and many more have prediabetes, which means they might develop diabetes in the next 10 years. For every 20% increase in weight gain, the chance of diabetes doubles.
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Lifestyle Diseases
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Type 2 Diabetes as a Lifestyle Disease (continued) Research has conclusively shown that eating healthfully and engaging in moderate physical activity can both reverse and prevent type 2 diabetes. Many contestants on the show "The Biggest Loser" start out on medication for diabetes and leave the show not needing it. That is amazing!
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Lifestyle Diseases
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Nearsightedness often occurs when vision is affected by lifestyle. During early development, a child's eyes adapt to the visual information they receive from the environment. Watching TV and computer screens closely, and reading books, magazines, and newspapers for many hours daily, cause myopia.
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Lifestyle Diseases Nearsightedness
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The Medical model of health has given rise to a massive industry of medical care. Many refer to our current medical care system as sick care because it focuses on those who are already sick and lacks focus on keeping individuals well. Americans spend twice as much per capita on medical care than other medically developed countries.
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The U.S. Medical Care System
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Medical care should focus on keeping people well. The Affordable Care Act went into effect in 2013 and aims to provide everyone access to medical care regardless of income, age, and health status.
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The U.S. Medical Care System
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This is the government's health objectives for the nation to achieve by the year 2020. Goals: Help all people live longer and improve the quality of their lives. Eliminate health disparities among segments of the U.S. population.
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Healthy People 2020
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It consists of 1,500 specific health objectives grouped into 42 topic areas. Healthy People 2020 was developed with a greater understanding of advances in preventive services such as vaccinations and other pharmaceuticals, assistive technologies, computerized systems, and heightened awareness and demand for preventive health services and quality health care.
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Healthy People 2020
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Topic Areas for Healthy People 2020
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Healthy People 2020
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Foundation Health Status
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Healthy People 2020
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College students are affected by specific health issues that are unique to their stage of life. Some of these issues affect students of any age such as time pressure, academic stress, and financial stress. Some health issues, such as the risk of STDs, are more pertinent to students within a specific age group.
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Health Issues of College Students
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A major assumption of the health education system is that nearly everyone has a basic desire to be healthy and well, but many acquire habits of thoughts and behaviors that make them less well rather than more. Health Belief Model Transtheoretical Model Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior
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Making Healthy Lifestyle Changes
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Expectations For Success People pursue goals with expectations about the outcomes of their efforts. Optimism motivates whereas pessimism stifles. Name one goal that you have in terms of health. Make sure it is measurable and attainable in a reasonable amount of time. Name two or three strategies for action that will help to accomplish that goal. Describe how having an optimistic versus a pessimistic outlook can affect the success of that goal.
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Making Healthy Lifestyle Changes
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Positive thoughts promote healthy behaviors, decreased risk of disease, and longer life when transformed into action through: Goals Strategies for action Agency Expectations for success
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Making Healthy Lifestyle Changes
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Are making note of things that you want to do or things that you want to avoid. Setting goals can help motivate change.
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Making Healthy Lifestyle Changes Goals
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Are the plans generated for attaining the goals that have been set. Help determine whether a goal is attainable.
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Making Healthy Lifestyle Changes Strategies for action:
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Is the belief that one can influence the nature and quality of one's life, rather than believing that one's fate is determined by reacting to circumstances not in one's control.
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Making Healthy Lifestyle Changes Agency
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Was developed to explain and predict preventive health behavior. Also includes general health motivation for the purpose of distinguishing between illness and sick-role behavior from healthy behavior.
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Making Healthy Lifestyle Changes Health Belief Model
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Health Belief Model (continued) Factors include: Perceived susceptibility An individual's perception of how susceptible he or she is to disease. Perceived seriousness The belief a person holds concerning the effects of a given disease or condition.
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Making Healthy Lifestyle Changes
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Health Belief Model (continued) Factors include: Perceived benefits of taking action After accepting the susceptibility and seriousness, the action a person chooses is affected by his or her perception of how much the action will outweigh the costs.
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Making Healthy Lifestyle Changes
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Health Belief Model (continued) Factors include: Barriers to taking action An action may not take place even though the person believes in its benefit because of barriers such as cost, time, pain, etc. Cues to action Internal or external motivators
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Making Healthy Lifestyle Changes
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Acknowledges that behavior change go through the following stages.
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Transtheoretical Model
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Person is not considering change at any time in the foreseeable future
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Precontemplation
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Person is aware that change is desirable but has not committed to act.
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Contemplation
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Person desires change and commits to do so in the near future.
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Preparation
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Person starts a change.
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Action
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Person strengthens the change, realizing that even when a lapse occurs, he/she will not consistently return to the old behavior
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Maintenance
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Person is no longer tempted to return to the previous behavior.
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Termination
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Changing a health behavior begins with an intention to adopt a new behavior. This intention is a combination of positive attitude about the new behavior and a perception of how others will respond to the new behavior. Change is affected by how much control the person thinks he/she has over changing the behavior.
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Theory of Reasoned Action/ Theory of Planned Behavior
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Choosing a healthy lifestyle is up to each individual.
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A Healthy Lifestyle
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Don't smoke. Get seven to eight hours of sleep per night. Maintain a healthy body weight. Get regular exercise. Consume little or no alcohol. Eat breakfast regularly. Minimize snacking between meals.
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Things you can do to stay healthy
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1. no tobacco 2. eat right 3. be sun smart 4. exercise 5. find it early
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FIVE STEPS TO CANCER PREVENTION
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Tobacco is responsible for 90% of Lung Cancers * Tobacco products are some of the most potent toxins known * Includes all forms : cigarettes, pipes, cigars, chew, plug and Dip * Accounts for 1 out of 5 deaths in the USA * Connection between tobacco use and cancer is proven. No Natural History studies done at this time due to dire consequences for participants.
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No tobacco
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Healthy substances vs. Harmful substances * Some substances in foods are fast acting while others are slow to act. Carcinogens (cancer causing agents) in food often take 10 - 20 years to act. * Some foods have protective substances ,(fruits,vegetables and whole grains). * All foods high in fiber/low in fat help protect body cells from cancer.
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Eat right
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* Melanoma is increasing annually and faster than any other type of cancer in the USA. It remains a big problem for Americans all over the country. * Constant exposure to UV light causes "Immunosupression" , which makes us more susceptible to all cancers and many other diseases. * Many people receive major DNA damage from the sun before the age 18. Skin damage from the sun is cumulative over the years. * Skin Cancer is most preventable: A) Avoid direct exposure to midday sun (10-3). B) Cover up exposed body parts (Adults and especially Children). C) Use a Suncreen of at least SPF 15 (Sun Protection Factor).
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Be Sun Smart
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* Regular Exercise reduces the risk of getting cancer * Strenous exercise while good , is not necessary . A brisk walk daily for 30 minutes will be quite adequate. * Start exercise programs slowly and check with your physician before starting.
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exercise
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* The earlier cancer is found , the easier it is to treat . * Due to early detection , the survival rate for cancer has increase over the years from 38% to over 60% , since 1966, for all types of cancer. * "You" are the most important factor in detecting cancer early thru : A) Breast Self Exams (monthly) B) Testicular Self Exams (monthly ) C) Skin Self Exams (monthy) D) Annual visits and checkups with your Physician . E ) Over 10 Million people have been successfully treated for cancer. F) 75-85% of all Cancers are caused by Lifestyle choices we make.
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Find it early
