Health and Wellness 12 – Flashcards
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Describe the cardiovascular system including the functions.
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circulates blood throughout the body. THe heart pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery and to the body via the aorta
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Identify the CVD risk factors that CANNOT be changed.
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1.) Being over 65 2.) Being a male 3.) Being an African American 4.) Family history with it.
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Explain why women are more likely to die from heart disease.
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1.) Age 2.) Treatment 3.) Artery and heart size
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Understand why CVD risk changes in women with age.
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menopause
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List the major CVD risk factors that CAN be changed
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1.) Smoking 2.) High BP 3.) Unhealthy cholesterol lvls 4.) Overweight/Obesity 5.) Diabetes
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Describe the mechanisms by which each risk factor increases the risk for CVD
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Smoking- damage's lining of arteries, reduces HDL and raises LDL and triglicroties, lowers the amount of oxygen available, causes platelets to stick together=blood clotting High BP- damage arteries & heart/ Optimal SBP <120 &DBP <80 mm/ hypertension Cholesterol- clog arteries (Age 20&above: assess cholesterol lvls at least every 5 years Overweight- ventricular hypertrophy(Oversized heart) Diabetes- high blood glucose&arteries, high blood glucose and T,blood clog
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Describe the guidelines for the risk factors and how to reduce these risks.
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Smoking- stop High BP: exercise, healthy diet, moderation of booze, reduce salt Cholesterol- healthy diet, exercise, medication, soluble fiber Overweight- exercise & healthy diet Diabetes- exercise, weight loss, dietary changes
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Discuss how metabolic syndrome linked to CVD and how to reduce these risks
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Related: increases BP & weight control, trigliorties Reduce: weight-loss, exercise, avoid alcohol &dietary changes
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9. Discuss how homocysteine is linked to CVD and how to reduce these risks.
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Related: damage lining of blood vessels causing inflammation, clogged arteries Reduce: exercise & weight loss
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Discuss how lipoprotein(a) is linked to CVD and how to reduce these risks
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Related: type of LDL, default to treat, contributes to inflammation Reduce: diet & exercise
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Discuss how LDL particle size and density and how its linked to CVD and how to reduce these risks
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If the particle size and the density are high it increase the risk of Atherosel-sclerosis (having blocked arteries)
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Discuss how Inflammation is linked to CVD and how to reduce these risks.
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1.) Swelling that closes arteries 2.) Inflammation is a magnet for LDL, platelet and other cells 3.) C- reactive protein (CRP) is released to the blood stream
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Discuss how Fibrinogen is linked to CVD and how to reduce these risks.
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Fibrinogen: helps blood clots to form
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Discuss how blood viscosity, and iron are linked to CVD and how to reduce these risks.
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1.) High iron stores linked to high blood viscosity (drink enough water) 2.) Men should and postmenopausal, women should not take iron supplements without consulting a physician
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Discuss the major forms of cardiovascular disease, how they develop, the symptoms, detection, the consequences if untreated, and possible treatment methods.
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1.) Hypertension 2.) Coronary heart disease 3.) Stroke 4.)Congestive heart failure 5.)Peripheral Vascular disease
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Hypertension
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high BP Develop: poor diet, weight gain, little exercise Symptoms: asymptomatic (not just one thing) Detection: check your BP regular Treatment: weight loss, improve diet, get rid of salt
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Coronary heart disease
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decrease in blood supply to heart Develop: may begin in childhood, starts with damage to arteries, Symptoms: chest paints, nausa, shoulder, neck, arm pain Detection: an EKG or ECG, stress test, MRI Treatment: surgery, healthy diet, avoid Tabaco, exercise
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Stroke
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cerebrovascular accident =CVA) Develop: 1.)Ischemic stroke : blockage of a blood vessel 2.) Hemorrhagic stroke: Rupture in the brain blood vessel Symptoms: Sudden numbness, loss of speech, dimming vison, dizzinesss Detection: more forgetful Treatment: surgery, healthy diet, avoid Tabaco, exercise
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Congestive heart failure
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Controlled by: reducing workload on the heart, eliminating exces fluid, restriction of salt, drugs to increase pumping action Treatment: surgeries, healthy diet, avoid Tabaco, exercise
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Peripheral Vascular disease (PAD)
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Develop: smoke, diabetes Symptoms: aching or fatigue (Claudication), rest paint Detection: aching or fatigue (Claudication) Treatment: surgeries, healthy diet, avoid Tabaco, exercise
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Define atheroslerosis,
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harding of the arteries
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Define myocardial infarction
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heart attack
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Define angina pectoris
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chest pain
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Define arrhythmias.
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changing of the heart beat pattern
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Define Cancer
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the abnormal,uncontrolled multiplication of cells.
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Define malignant tumor
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tumor that is capable of spreading and thus it is cancerous
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Define benign tumor
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tumor that is not cancerous
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Define metastasis
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the spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
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Describe the four stages of cancer.
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Stage 0 - early cancer present only in the layer of cells where it originated Stage 1,2,3- more extensive cancer - High numbers indicate: greater tumor size
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Describe the four types of cancer.
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1.) Lung cancer 2.) Colon cancer 3.) Breast cancer: 4.) Prostate cancer:
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Lung cancer
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kills more people than any other type of cancer. Tobacco (87%)is the primary cause
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Colon and rectal cancer
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linked to age, heredity, obesity, and diet rich and red meat and low in fruits and veggies. Most colon cancers arise from preexisting polyps
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Breast cancer
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1.)Affects about one in eight women in the US. Although there are is a genetic component to breast cancer,diet & hormones are also risk factors 2.) 50% diagnosed 45-65, genetic, lifestyle factors
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Prostate Cancer
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is chiefly a disease of aging; diet & lifestyle probably are factors in its occurrence. Early detection is possible through rectal examinations and PSA blood tests.
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Describe the incidence of cancer in the US.
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1.) 1 cause of death in the US 2.) Men 1 in 2 diagnosed 3.) Women 1 in 3 4.) 1.5 mill Americans are diagnosed yearly 5.) More than half will be cured 6.) 40% will die as a result of cancer
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Describe the relative role of diet in cancer deaths.
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high in fat & red meat can contribute cancer
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Describe the relative role of tobacco in cancer deaths.
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80 % of lung cancers 30% of all cancer deaths
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Describe the relative role of Obesity in cancer deaths.
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linked to breast and colleen cancer
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Describe the relative role of Physical activity in cancer deaths.
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lowers your risk for cancer
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Describe the relative role of family history in cancer deaths.
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genetics
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Describe the relative role of Alcohol history in cancer deaths.
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poor diet = cause of cancer
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Identify the reasons for leveling off or decrease in the risk for cancer.
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Prevention, early detection, treatment
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Describe the risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, the recommendations for screening tests, treatment, prognosis, prevention of LUNG CANCER
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most common cause cancer death (Smokers) Detection: persistence cough, chest pain Diagnosis: CT scan, chest x-ray, analyze of cells in the sputum, Treatments: radiation, kemo
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Describe the risk factors (including the unifying factor when available), signs and symptoms, diagnosis, the recommendations for screening tests, treatment, prognosis, and approaches to prevention of COLON and RECTAL Cancer
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Polyps: small growths of the wall of the colon Symptoms: constipation, lower pains, blood in stool Treatment: surgery Risk factor: age, excessive booze&smoking
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Describe the risk factors (including the unifying factor when available), signs and symptoms, diagnosis, the recommendations for screening tests, treatment, prognosis, and approaches to prevention of BREAST CANCER
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Risk factor: genetic, early menstruation, late menapuase, having children after the age 30 or having none at all, obese, booze Detection: Feeling lumps, sensitivy, pain Symptoms: Change in size, shape, contour, dimpling, redness, scaleness of the nipple Treatment: Lump ectomy, mastectomy (removing whole breast)
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Describe the risk factors (including the unifying factor when available), signs and symptoms, diagnosis, the recommendations for screening tests, treatment, prognosis, and approaches to prevention of PROSTATE CANCER
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Risk factor: age, genetics, high cal diet, dairy, animal fats, obesity, not physically active, std Warning signs: Urinary frequency, weak or interrupted urine flow, painful unration or blood in the urine Treatments: Radical prostatectomy (removal of prostate)
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Describe the risk factors (including the unifying factor when available), signs and symptoms, diagnosis, the recommendations for screening tests, treatment, prognosis, and approaches to prevention of CERVICAL CANCER
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Risk factor: infection by HPV (human papilloma virus) Detection: PAP test (take cells from the inside of the cervics and look under a microscope Treatment: Chemo, radiation, sugary
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Describe the risk factors (including the unifying factor when available), signs and symptoms, diagnosis, the recommendations for screening tests, treatment, prognosis, and approaches to prevention of ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
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Risk factor: genetic, early menstruation, late menopause, having children after the age 30 or having none at all, obese, booze, type 2 diabetes Detection: abnormal vaginal bleeding Treatment: surgery hysterectomy ( remove the urtous)
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Describe the risk factors (including the unifying factor when available), signs and symptoms, diagnosis, the recommendations for screening tests, treatment, prognosis, and approaches to prevention of OVARIAN CANCER
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Symptoms: increase abdominal size & bloating, urinary urgency, pelvic pain Detection: usually diagnosed late because early is almost impossible Risk factors: age (over 60), never being pregnant, family history of it, obesity, genetic mutations Treatment: pelvic exams & surgery, radiation, chemo
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Describe the risk factors (including the unifying factor when available), signs and symptoms, diagnosis, the recommendations for screening tests, treatment, prognosis, and approaches to prevention of SKIN CANCER
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Risk factor: UV raise, overexposure to the sun, sun burn Detection: Sun screen, check your skin Treatment: Surgery
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Describe the risk factors (including the unifying factor when available), signs and symptoms, diagnosis, the recommendations for screening tests, treatment, prognosis, and approaches to prevention of ORAL CANCER
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Risk factor: Tabaco, Treatment: Chemo, radiation
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29. Describe the risk factors (including the unifying factor when available), signs and symptoms, diagnosis, the recommendations for screening tests, treatment, prognosis, and approaches to prevention TESTICULAR CANCER
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Symptoms: Lump, swelling, or nodule Detection: self examination Treatment: Surgery
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Describe the genetic mutation, environmental, and lifestyle causes of cancer.
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Genetic Mutation: cells mutate bigger Environmental: sun light, micros, virus, Bactria, parasites, ingested chemicals, pollution Lifestyle: Smoking, drinking, poor diet, overexposure of sun
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List specific actions you can take to lower your risk of cancer.
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1.) Avoid tobacco and not drink excessively 2.) Control diet and weight 3.) Regular exercise 4.) Protecting skin form the sun 5.) Regular self-exams 6.) Medical screenings 7.) Be ware of the early signs and symptoms
