Health And Safety Example – Flashcards
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Three factors that influence the absorption of alcohol that can be controlled
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Alcohol concentration Number of drinks consumed Speed of consumption
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What are physiological effects of consuming alcohol faster than one drink per hour
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Impaired balance, blurred vision, and slurred speech
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Which of the following BEST illustrates a drug tolerance reaction?
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Felicia used to get dizzy when she drank a glass of wine, but she no longer does.
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The unpleasant effects of drug withdrawal are caused by
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the body's attempt to regain homeostasis after developing a physical dependence on the drug.
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Every day after work, Leon has a couple of drinks to help him relax even though it upsets his stomach. This illustrates that he
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is psychologically dependent on alcohol.
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Which of the following BEST illustrates a synergistic drug effect?
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Taking several drinks after a dose of your antianxiety medication suddenly causes sever respiratory depression
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A potentiated effect is
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When the use of one drug intensifies the effect of the second drug.
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When a doctor administers another drug to a victim of a drug overdose, it is probably one that
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Has an antagonistic effect on the drug that the victim took.
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Which of the following BEST illustrates drug misuse, as opposed to drug abuse?
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Taking twice the recommended dosage of an over-the-counter painkiller for a toothache.
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When does drug misuse most clearly cross the line into drug abuse?
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When you continue use despite negative effects on health.
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Of the following, the clearest example of a gateway drug influence is
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youngsters' cigarette smoking leading the way into marijuana smoking.
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding caffeine?
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There is strong research linking consumption to coronary heart disease.
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The combination of cocaine hydrochloride with common baking soda is called
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Crack
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One of the biggest dangers of crack use is
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Heart failure
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Heavy use of hallucinogens is known to occasionally produce
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Flashbacks
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Continued use of Ecstasy can result in
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A possible dependence and brain damage.
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A characteristic of major concern when using narcotics is
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the rapid development of physical dependence painkillers.
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The greatest danger in the use of inhalants is
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respiratory and cardiovascular damage.
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Why does eating a meal before drinking reduce the effects of alcohol?
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Food competes with the alcohol for absorption into the bloodstream slowing the rate at which alcohol is absorbed.
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Jamie has become very drunk at a party. What can his friends do to help him walk home?
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Wait for the effects of the alcohol to wear off.
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Corey has passed out on the couch after participating in a drinking contest. His friends cannot wake him. What should they do?
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Seek emergency help
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You suspect your unconscious friend has acute alcohol intoxication. After you call 911, you should
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position your friend on his side
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Which of the following characterizes fetal alcohol syndrome
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Children born with congenital damage attributable to the mother's use of alcohol.
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The purpose of zero-tolerance laws
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is to discourage people from driving if they have drunk any quantity of alcohol
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Which of the following conditions shows MOST clearly that Lise is a codependent to her husbands alcoholism? She
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will make up excuses for her husband's drinking behavior.
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Another word that means psychological dependence is
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Habituation
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Cocaine, caffeine, and amphetamines are all
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Stimulants
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A drug commonly prescribed to hyperactive children that are sometimes abused is
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Ritalin
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Drugs that induce sleep and are often used in anesthesia are called
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Barbiturates
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Tranquilizers and barbiturates fit into which drug category
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Depressants
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Which of the following is NOT included in class of drugs known as inhalants?
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Propoxyphene
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Jenna, a 150 pound woman has challenged Tom, a 150 pound man, to a drinking contest. Jenna will probably become more intoxicated because
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men tend to develop more tolerance for alcohol than women do.
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Cocaine is perhaps the weakest of the stimulant drugs
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False
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The effect of smoking crack is almost instantaneous
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True
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LSD users do not develop a physical dependence on the drug.
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True
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PCP use is marked by paranoia and aggressive behavior
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True
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Marijuana's active ingredient is excreted from the body in a few hours.
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False
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One way your body protects itself from alcohol poisoning is to cause you to vomit when you drink too much.
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True
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Motor vehicle collisions, falls, drowning's, and fires are connected to alcohol use.
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True
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Alcohol is a factor in over half of all homicide cases.
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True
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Although alcohol abuse appears to increase the likelihood of murder, it does not appear to increase the likelihood of suicide.
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False
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A so-called problem drinker has many of the same troubles that alcoholics have without the physical dependency
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True
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Denial is common among alcoholics.
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True
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A lifetime, two-pack-a-day, smoking habit will shorten ones life by
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Seven to eight years.
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A newborn baby's risk of SIDs increases if the mother is a smoker.
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True
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A psychosocial incentive to smoke is the comfort smokers get from handling a cigarette, pipe, or a cigar. This is called
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Manipulation
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A regular smoker in her forties has just been told by her doctor that she ahs chronic bronchitis. Frightened, she has decided to quit smoking. What are her chances for recovery? She
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could recover completely.
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After years of smoking, Hartwig has developed a "smokers cough" This means
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His body is attempting to remove excess mucus from his lungs.
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Chronic Bronchitis is
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a condition in which the walls of the bronchi become inflamed and infected.
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Cigarette smoking more than doubles the risk of experiencing a heart attack.
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True
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Lung cancer is usually fatal because
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It is usually detected at a late stage.
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Of all the gases released by tobacco smoke, the most harmful to smokers is
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Carbon Monoxide
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Of the following, Which component of a cigarette contains most of the carcinogenic compounds?
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Carbon Monoxide
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Research indicates that the use of smokeless tobacco is safer than smoking cigarettes
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False
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Sam, a non-smoker has decided it would be cool to smoke cigars. If he begins a lifetime habit of cigar smoking, which of the following BEST describes the risk on his health?
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He will increase his risk of developing cancer of the mouth, throat, and esophagus.
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Side stream smoke is more toxic than mainstream smoke
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True
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Smokers can eliminate their nicotine intake by switching to smokeless tobacco
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False
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Smoking affects men's fertility by
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causing changes in sperm number, motility, and shape.
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Smoking increases a pregnant woman's risk of having a miscarriage
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True
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Some children become smokers because they see their parents smoking. This is called
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Modeling
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The average cigarette smoker will develop cancer in 20 pack years, which is a standard that represents
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One pack a day for twenty years.
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The most effective time to being influencing a child to NOT smoke is
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at preschool age
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The use of smokeless tobacco can damage the teeth and gums
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True
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Tobacco smoke that stays within a common source of air is known as environmental smoke
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True
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When segments of a college community are studied, there is a direct relationship between cigarette smoking and
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level of alcohol use.
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding use of a hookah
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The chemical composition of hookah-generated smoke is unlike cigarette smoke.
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Which of the following BEST describes the connection between cigarette smoking and cancer? Cigarette smoking
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is a significant risk factor in virtually all forms of cancer.
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Women who smoke or use oral contraceptives are at high risk for stroke
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True
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You have decided to switch from cigarettes to cigars. Which of the following is TRUE?
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Your risk for developing throat cancer stays the same.
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Your 14 yr old son has been taught to avoid tobacco and its dangers. He then makes friends with a group of boys who all smoke. You can expect that he
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Will try smoking.
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Consuming alcohol does not increase the risk of smoking
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False
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Which of the following is not a theory of nicotine addiction?
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ADHD Theory
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Negative effects of carbon monoxide on the body
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Shortness of breath, one of the most harmful components of tobacco smoke, decreased cardiovascular function.
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The 1999 Master Tobacco Settlement Agreement between the states and the tobacco industry included payment of $246 billion over 25 years to the states for
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reimbursement of smoking related Medicaid costs
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Following the 1964 Surgeon General's report about smoking, the percentage of people smoking in the United States
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Declined until the early 1990's.
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As education level increases the rate of smoking
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Decreases
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Monica started smoking just to look sophisticated, but within months she found herself smoking every day. She now smokes two packs a day and wants to stop. The force driving her habit is
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Addiction
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Three major controllable risk factors for cardiovascular disease
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Smoking, obesity, and inactivity.
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Contributing risk factors for cardiovascular disease
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Age gender
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Hereditary, male gender, and ____ are the 3 controllable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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Age
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angiogram
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Identifies coronary artery blockages
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Aspirin
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Reduces blood clotting.
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Atherosclerosis
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Buildup of fatty deposits in coronary arteries
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Bypass surgery
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Used to treat life threatening blockages
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Cerebral aneurysm
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Weakened artery wall bulges out
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Cerebral hemorrhage
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Caused from artery bursts.
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Cerebrovascular occlusion
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Most common type of stroke
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Diastolic pressure
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Pressure in the blood vessels when the heart relaxes.
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EKG
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Used to measure heart's electrical activity
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Hypertension
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Consistently elevated blood pressure
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Percutaneous coronary intervention
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Opens blocked arteries with a tiny "balloon"
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Systolic pressure
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Pressure in the vessels when the heart contracts
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TIA
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Warning sign for a stroke.
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Low density lipoproteins are called "good-cholesterol" because they help remove cholesterol from the blood stream.
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False
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The death of part of the heart muscle as a result of blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries is known as a stroke
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False
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Women over the age of 55 experience cardiovascular disease at a _______ rate to men of the same age
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Similar
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The protective mechanism from heart disease women experience prior to menopause is due to
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the hormone estrogen
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Of the following, which is a major risk factor in sudden cardiac death
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Smoking
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Ellen is 35, inactive, overweight, a smoker, and takes oral contraceptives. The best single thing she can do for her heart health is
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Quit smoking.
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The most beneficial way to lower blood cholesterol is to
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Start an exercise program and eat a heart-healthy diet
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You and a friend are shopping with your teenagers at a mall. You return from shopping to find your friend seated stating she is feeling chest pain and dizziness. Despite sitting, these symptoms are not going away. The best thing to do at this moment is to
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Get emergency help
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What role does cholesterol play in coronary heart disease?
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High cholesterol levels are associated with atherosclerosis, which causes coronary heart disease.
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding low density lipoproteins? they
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Are a significant cause of atherosclerosis
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Your father, who began to feel ill yesterday, found when he woke up this mronign that he could barely move his right leg or arm. Of the following he is most likely suffering from
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A stroke
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If a friend or family member has a stroke, it is important to get emergency help as soon as possible because
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Prompt treatment can limit the damage.
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The MOST common treatment for congenital heart defects are
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surgery.
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Which of the following beings as a streptococcal infection?
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Rheumatic heart disease
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Which of the following BEST describes the symptoms of hypertension?
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Lack of noticeable symptoms
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Reducing dietary salt is an effective way to reduce hypertension for
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about one in four Americans
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Through a combination of weight loss, a low-fat diet, prescription drugs, and an exercise program, your mother has reduced her high blood pressure. When can she consider herself cured?
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Never
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Which of the following characterizes all strokes?
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They occur in the brain.
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The incidence of hypertension is about the same in all ethnic groups.
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False
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The deposits on artery walls cause by atherosclerosis is called plaque
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True
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Coronary heart disease is the cardiovascular disease that causes the most deaths
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True
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Desirable blood cholesterol level is less than 400 mg/dl
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True
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A painful condition caused by narrowing of the arteries is called angina pectoris
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True
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Most prevalent cancers for men in the correct order
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Prostrate, lung, and colon.
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The most prevalent cancers for women in the correct order are
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Breast, lung, and colon.
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The mnemonic to help you remember cancer's 7 warning signs is
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CAUTION
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3 of 7 warning signs of cancer
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Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. Nagging cough or hoarseness Sore that does not heal
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Risk factors that breast and uterine cancer have in common
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Early period, late menopause, never giving birth.
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Carcinoma
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85% f all malignant cancers
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Sarcoma
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Bone, cartilage, and tendons
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Melanoma
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Skin
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Neuroblastoma
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Rare and usually only children
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Adenocarcinmoa
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Endocrine glands
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Hepatoma
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Liver
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Leukemia
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Blood
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Lymphoma
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Hodgkin's disease
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Regulatory genes in cells that fail to function properly and allow cancer to develop are called oncogenes.
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True
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When cancer cells spread ot other sites in the body, it is called metastasis
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False
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A tumor that does not spread to other sites in the body is called malignant
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False
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The most effective tool for screening breast cancer is the PAP test
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False
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The most effective screening method for cervical cancer is a monthly self exam
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False
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Which of the following is TRUE of people who have a hereditary risk of developing lung cancer?
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If they do not smoke, they lower their lung cancer risks significantly
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You can reduce your risk of developing melanoma by
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protecting yourself from excessive exposure to the sun
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Cheyenne learns from genetic screening that she has a mutated version of the BRCA1 gene. She also has a family history of breast cancer. The LEAST helpful recommendation for her is
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Breast self-exam and annual mammograms beginning at the age of 50.
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A prophylactic mastectomy is
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Removal of healthy breast tissue to avoid the risk of breast cancer
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Which drug therapy is higly effective for women whose type of breast cancer was stimulated by the presence ofestrogen
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Tamoxifen
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The pap test is the
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removal of a sample of cervical cells for examination
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35 year old Tara is considering having her ovaries surgically remved to avoid the risk of ovarian cancer. In which of the following cases would this make the most sense?
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Her family has a strong history of ovarian cancer.
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Women in whom ovarian cancer has been diagnosed often report that the only syptoms were
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digestive disturbances.
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Which of the following types of solid tumors are most common among young men?
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Testicular
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The most important early detection measure for testicular cancer in men is
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Self examination
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Fred detects a small lump on one of his testicles and naturally wonders if he has cancer. He should be most suspicious if it
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Is painless
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Treatment for testicular cancer most commonly includes
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Removal of the affected testical
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Small precancerous outpouching in the wall of the lower intestinal tract are called
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polyps
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35 yr old ken experienced a change in bowel habits and a stool test revealed abnormal amounts of blood. The most likely next step for Ken is
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A colonoscopy
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Pancreatic cancer is more common in
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African American Men
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The most effective step toward preventing pancreatic cancer is to
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Stop smoking
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Your 56 yr old brother has been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Which of the following scenarios is most likely
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He has only a six percent survival rate five years after diagnosis.
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Which of the following is an effective method of preventing lymphoma?
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Little can be done to prevent lymphoma
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Treatment of lymphomas most commonly includes
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Radiation
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The major cause of skin cancer is
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Chronic exposure to sunlight when young.
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Sam enjoys outdoor activities. Which of the following is NOT a recommendation to help him prevent skin cancer? He should
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Make sure he is well hydrated
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To help you to identify malignant melanoma, the American Cancer Society recommends that you use the mnemonic ABCD, which stands for
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Asymmetry, border irregularity, color change, diameter>6mm
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When malignant melanoma is identified at an early stage, it is most commonly treated by
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surgical removal alone.
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When melanoma is found at an early stage the cure rate is
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99%
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The most important factor in the treatment of most cancers is
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Early detection.
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The single most important behavioral factor in the development of cancer is smoking
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True
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Because of its vague symptoms, Ovarian cancer is referred to as a "silent killer"
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True
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The association between STD's and cervical cancer is unclear.
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False
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6 steps of infection
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1. Agent, 2. Reservoir, 3. Portal of exit, 4. mode of transmission, 5. Portal of entry, 6. The new host
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Stage of infection where transmission of the disease is more likely
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Clinical and prodromal stages
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Which stage of transmission is the most unpleasant for the host?
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Clinical stage
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Which stage of transmission are people more likely to suffer a relapse because they feel better and overextend themselves?
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Decline Stage
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The general term for a disease-causing agent is
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Pathogen
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The general term for the enviroment in which an infectious agent grows and thrives is its
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Reservoir
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Which of the following is NOT a form of direct transmission
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Drinking from a friends water glass
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In the context of infectious disease, what is a vector?
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A living organism that serves as a mode of transmission for a pathogen
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An example of your body's so-called first line of defense against infections would be
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Skin
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Which of the following terms is applied to any foreign substance hat stimulates a response from the immune system?
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Antigen
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The immunity you get from a vaccination is acquired
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Artifically
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Natural immunity is acquired by
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experiencing and recovering from a disease
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The role of antibodies is to
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Destroy antigens and their toxins
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Adults are particularly underprotected in regard to
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Retanus and diphtheria
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To avoid catching another cold, which of the following will be the most useful strategy?
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Wash your hands periodically when you are with groups of people
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Tuberculosis thrives in crowded places where infected people are in close proximity
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True
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The mod of transmission for tuberculosis is
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Droplet spread
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You have just taken your roommate to the hospital. She came down with what appeared to be flu two days ago, but you suspected meingitis when she complained of
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a severe headache and stiff neck.
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The mode of transmission for Lyme disease is
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vector-based
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Which of the following is the BEST defense against Lyme disease
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Check yourself thoroughly for ticks after being outdoors.
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Which of the following is an acute infection of the lungs that progresses rapidly and often kills the victim?
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Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
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You are cleaning your garage when you find a place where deer mice have nested. You are aware they carry hantavirus, so your best option is to
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Soak the nest with disinfectant or bleach before removing and destroying it.
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Hantaviris pulmonary syndrome is a viral infection that spreads when humans inhale dust contaminated with dried virusrodent urine- or saliva-contaminated materials, such as from nests.
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True
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The west nile virus is transmitted to humans via
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Misquitoes
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Toxic shock syndrome is most strongly linked to the use of
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super absorbent tampons
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Hepatitis B and C are spread when the virus is introduced directly into
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body fluids
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Most HIV-infected persons are considered to have AIDS when the Tcell count drops below a cetain point
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True
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Most HIV indections occur through the exchange of blood, semen, or
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vaginal secretions
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Women are at a much greater risk than men of contracting HIV through heterosexual contact
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True
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The average incubation period for HIV infections is about
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Ten to twelve years
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Which of the following is the MOST effective way to avoid HIV infection?
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Avoid sexual activity
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Like many STD's, genital warts are a greater risk for those who have multiple sexual partners
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True
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Which of the following are conidered reliable sources of health information
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Medical practioners, volunteer agencies, consumer organizations.
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Benefits of self-care
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reduce healthcare cost, increase interest in health related activities
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Pharmacists are required to give you a ________________ with each prescription medication you buy.
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Patient information sheet
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A doctor of osteopathy (DO) is considered a
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Primary care provider
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The main differences between an MD and a DO is the
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DO will usually place more emphasis on holistic medicine.
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Chiropractors, acupuncturists, and homeopaths are best considered ______ health care practioners
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complementary
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The primary method chiropractors use to treat illness is through
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manipulating the spinal column.
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Research on the medical effectiveness of acupuncture indicates that
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it is an effective treatment for adult postoperative pain
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Homeopathic remedies are based on
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using tiny quanities of herbs and minerals to stimulate the body's curative powers.
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An alternative medical approach that stresses mind/body balance, proper diet, stress reduction, and relince on the body's own immune system to heal is called
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Naturopathy
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The purpose of a medigap insurance policy is to
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Assist people in covering the out-of-pocket expenses associated with Medicare Parts A and B
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Ellen has completed her 4 yr nursing program and passed her state exam to become an RN. How can she become certified as an APN? She
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must specialize in a clinical area and become certified
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The established amount that the insuree must pay before the insurer reimberses for services is called
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The deductible
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Kim is a high school graduate who wants to pursue a career as an allied health professioanl. All of the following will most likely be required, regardless of the field she chooses, EXCEPT
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a medical degree.
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One of the most common trends in American Profession in the American hospitals in recent years is
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offering various community health and wellness programs
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Chiropractic is the third largest health profession in the US
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True
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It is best to tell your primary care physician if you are seeing an alternative practitioner
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True
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There is currently a shortage of physicians in the US
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True
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Medicare and Medicaid cover some home health care costs
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True
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APN's have the same qualifications as family practice physicians
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False
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The best way to enjoy good health in your later years is to esstablush a healthy lifestyle while young
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True
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Hospital patients have a right to be told who is providing thier care
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True
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If you are hired as a full-time employee by a company that offers a group health insurance plan to its full-time employees, you must be allowed to join the plan
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True
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Health maintenance organizations generally have the highest out-of-pocket costs for patients
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False
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A perferred provider organization is considered a form of managed care
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True
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The federal government regulates both prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs
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True
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Generic drugs are cheaper than name-brand drugs because they are typically manugactured with less rigorous government oversight
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False
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The FDA permits drug companies to create an over-the-counter drug by reducing the strength of a prescription drug
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True
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The most common weakness of health related infomericals on TV is that the
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validity is questionable.
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2 Measures you can take to decrease your risk of identity theft
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Shred, don't give out important information.
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2 Measures that you can take to avoid lashing out at your child
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Phone a friend, hug a pillow
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The highest intentional injury rate for both genders occurs in which age group?
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20-24 year olds
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Homicide, robbery, rape, and sexual assault are all
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Intentional injuries
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_______ refers to violence committed ragainst a domestic partner
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Intimate partner violence
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