HDFS 2400, Chapter 9 – Flashcards
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In middle childhood, children grow an average of _____ inches in height and ______ pounds in weight each year.
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2 to 3, 5
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After age 8, girls
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begin accumulating fat at a faster rate than boys.
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As muscles adapt to an enlarging skeleton, children often experience
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nighttime growing pains.
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Between the ages of 6 and 12, ________ primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones.
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20
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Research on nutrition in middle childhood indicates that
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malnutrition that persists from infancy or early childhood into the school years usually leads to permanent physical and mental damage.
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A BMI above the ______ percentile for a childs age and sex is considered overweight; a BMI above the _______ percentile is considered obese.
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85th; 95th
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Which of the following is supported by research on childhood obesity?
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Overweight children tend to have overweight parents.
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Obese children tend to
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be less responsive than normal-weight children to internal hunger cues.
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Research on weight gain reveals that children who get less nightly sleep are
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more likely to be overweight five years later.
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Inactivity is ____________ excessive weight gain in children.
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both a cause and consequence of
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Which of the following is true about the consequences of obesity?
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Obese children are stereotyped as lazy, self-doubting, and deceitful.
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Which of the following is regarded as one of the most effective interventions for treating childhood obesity?
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a family-based approach focused on changing behaviors
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The most frequent cause of school absence and childhood hospitalization is
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asthma
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Which of the following children is at the greatest risk for asthma?
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Thomas, an overweight African-American boy who lives in an inner-city area
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Along with body growth, _____________ plays a vital role in improved motor performance in middle childhood.
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more efficient information processing
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Paul is concerned because his 6-year-old son prints using large letters and numbers. You can tell Paul that his sons writing is large because he
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makes strokes with his entire arm rather than just the wrist and fingers.
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Research on sex differences in motor skills during middle childhood indicates that
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girls outperform boys on skills that depend on agility and balance.
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Research confirms that _________ plays a large role in accounting for boys gross motor superiority.
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the social environment
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___________ contribute greatly to emotional and social development and are rarely contests of individual ability.
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Child-invented games
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Gains in __________ contribute to a childs ability to play games with rules.
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perspective taking
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During middle childhood, child-invented games usually involve
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simple physical skills and a sizable element of luck.
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Ten-year-old Nadia enjoys making up games and playing them with her friends. Playing these child-invented games probably allows Nadia to
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try out different styles of cooperating and competing with little personal risk.
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One valid criticism of adult-organized youth sports is that
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they overemphasize competition and substitute childrens natural experimentation with rules and strategies.
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Which of the following is true about childrens rough-and-tumble play?
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It helps children establish a dominance hierarchy.
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Which of the following is supported by research on recess?
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Elementary school students are more attentive in the classroom after recess than before it.
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Many experts believe that schools should not only offer more frequent physical education classes but should put less emphasis on __________ and more emphasis on __________ in their physical education programs.
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competitive sports; informal games and individual exercise
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Which of the following is supported by research on physical education in the United States?
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Only 42 percent of boys and 11 percent of girls are active enough for good health.
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Piaget regarded __________ as an important achievement of the concrete operational stage because it provides clear evidence of __________.
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conservation; operations
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Jamal is able to think through a series of steps and then mentally return to the starting point. Therefore, Jamal is capable of
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reversibility
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During a conservation-of-water task, Emme can focus on several aspects of the problem and relate them, rather than centering on just one aspect. Therefore, Emme is capable of
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decentration.
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Margerite passed Piagets class inclusions task. This indicates that Margerite can
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focus on relations between a general and two specific categories at the same time.
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To test for ________, Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest.
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seriation
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A concrete operational child can _________ mentally, an ability called _________________.
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seriate; transitive inference
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Kim Lee is able to mentally represent her neighborhood and describe it to others. Kim Lees representation is known as a
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cognitive map.
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According to Piaget, one limitation of concrete operational thought is that childrens mental operations work poorly with
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abstract ideas.
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School-age children master concrete operational tasks
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gradually, in a continuum of acquisition.
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The very experience of ____________ seems to promote mastery of Piagetian tasks.
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going to school.
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Some investigators have concluded that the forms of logic required by Piagetian tasks do not emerge spontaneously but, rather, are
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heavily influenced by training, context, and cultural conditions.
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In Robbie Cases neo-Piagetian theory, repeated practice of cognitive schemes
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leads them to become more automatic.
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In Cases neo-Piagetian theory, children acquire central conceptual structures
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once cognitive schemes are sufficiently automatic.
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Hannah listens to and tells stories but rarely draws pictures. According to Cases neo-Piagetian theory, Hannah probably displays
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more advanced central conceptual structures in storytelling.
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The information-processing perspective
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examines separate aspects of thinking.
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Individuals skilled at ___________ can prevent their minds from straying to irrelevant thoughts.
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inhibition
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When Taylor was given a list of ingredients to memorize, she immediately repeated the list to herself over and over. Which memory strategy did Taylor use?
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rehearsal
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When Mike had to learn the state capitals, he grouped the states by region to assist his memory. Which memory strategy did Mike use?
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organization
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According to one view of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
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deficient executive processing underlies ADHD symptoms.
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Research on the origins of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) indicates that
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ADHD is highly heritable.
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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is usually a lifelong disorder.
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To help herself remember that she needed cat food and gloves at the store, Cheryl imagined a cat wearing gloves. Which memory strategy did Cheryl use?
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elaboration
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Children who are expert in an area
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are usually highly motivated.
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Cross-cultural research on memory indicates that
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people in non-Western cultures who lack formal schooling do not use or benefit from instruction in memory strategies.
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Research on __________ reveals that school-age children view the mind as an active and constructive agent.
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theory of mind
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Research on metacognitive development shows that preschoolers
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view the mind as a passive container of information.
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esearch on metacognitive development shows that by middle childhood, children know that
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doing well on a task depends on focusing attention.
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Luke has a science test on Friday and knows that he needs to focus his attention during class and apply memory strategies when studying. Luke is demonstrating
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metacognitive awareness.
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Quinn knows that he should group items when memorizing lists, but he does not always do so. Quinn is not yet good at
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cognitive self-regulation.
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By adolescence, _________ is a strong predictor of academic success.
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self-regulation
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Children who acquire effective self-regulatory skills develop
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academic self-efficacy.
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Research on reading proficiency in middle childhood shows that improvements in __________ releases working memory for higher-level activities.
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visual scanning and discrimination
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Educators who advocate a whole-language approach argue that
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from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language.
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Educators who advocate a phonics approach argue that
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children should learn the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds before being given reading material.
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Most reading experts believe that
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combining phonics with whole language is the best approach for teaching beginning reading.
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In learning basic math facts, poorly performing children
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use cumbersome techniques or try to retrieve answers from memory too soon.
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Which of the following contributes to the superiority of Chinese over U.S. childrens math knowledge?
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Chinese parents provide their preschoolers with extensive practice in counting and adding.
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Why do IQ scores often enter into educational decisions?
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They predict school performance and educational attainment.
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The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler intelligence tests
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are most often used to identify students who are highly intelligent or have learning problems.
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The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition,
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contains nonverbal subtests that do not require spoken language.
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The basic information-processing, visual-spatial processing, and working memory factors of the Stanford-Binet
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are thought to be less culturally biased than the other factors.
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The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
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was the first test to be standardized on children representing the total population of the United States.
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Componential analysis involves
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examining relationships between aspects of information processing and childrens intelligence test scores.
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Componential research shows that
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individuals whose nervous systems function efficiently appear to have an edge in intellectual skills.
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A major shortcoming of the componential approach is that it
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regards intelligence as entirely due to causes within the child.
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In Sternbergs triarchic theory, intelligent behavior involves balancing
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analytical, creative, and practical intelligences.
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In his triarchic theory of intelligence, Sternberg argues that
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people who are creative think more skillfully than others when faced with novelty.
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Sternbergs triarchic theory helps explain why
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out-of-school practical forms of intelligence are vital for life success.
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Howard Gardner argues that
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each intelligence has a unique biological basis and a distinct course of development.
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According to Gardners theory of multiple intelligences,
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cultural values and learning opportunities affect the extent to which a childs intellectual strengths are realized.
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A major shortcoming of Gardners theory of multiple intelligences is that
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neurological evidence for the independence of his abilities is weak.
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Which of the following is supported by research on group differences in IQ?
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Differences in SES do not fully explain the blackwhite IQ gap.
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Arthur Jensens 1969 monograph, How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement? was controversial because he argued that
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heredity is largely responsible for individual, ethnic, and SES differences in IQ.
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Herrnstein and Murrays 1994 book, The Bell Curve, implies that
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heredity plays a sizable role in individual and SES differences in IQ.
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Although heritability estimates offer convincing evidence that genes contribute to IQ, they
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do not reveal the complex process through which genes and experiences influence intelligence as children develop.
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Adoption studies reveal that
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when children of low-IQ mothers are adopted by parents who are above average in income and education, they score above average in IQ.
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Dr. Whittier believes that many IQ tests sample knowledge and skills that not all groups of children have had the opportunity to learn. Dr. Whittiers belief reflects the controversial question that ethnic differences in IQ have to do with
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test bias.
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Compared with middle-SES white parents, low-SES black parents are more likely to ask their children
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real questions that they themselves cannot answer.
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Many ethnic minority parents without extensive schooling prefer a(n) __________ style of communication.
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collaborative
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Lindy directs each of her children to carry out an aspect of a task, and the children work independently. Lindy uses a _________ style of communication.
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hierarchical
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Which of the following is supported by research on IQ test bias?
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Ethnic minority children, who often grow up in more people-oriented than object-oriented homes, may lack toys and games that promote certain intellectual skills.
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Carter, an African-American boy, is told by a researcher that certain verbal tasks are not a test. He is told that other verbal tasks are a test of how good children are at school problems. If Carter is aware of ethnic stereotypes, which of the following is probably true?
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He will perform far worse in the test condition.
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Which of the following is supported by research on dynamic assessment?
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Childrens capacity to transfer what they have learned to novel problems contributes to gains in IQ test performance.
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American education
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places greater emphasis on traditional test scores.
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Studies suggest that the high-stakes testing mandated by the U.S. No Child Left Behind Act
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often undermines the quality of education by using fear of failure to motivate performance.
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Which of the following statements is true about high-stakes testing?
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Some teachers are narrowing the scope of what they teach to strings of facts to be memorized for high-stakes tests.
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School-age childrens attitude toward language undergoes a fundamental shift when they
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develop language awareness.
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Which of the following is true about language development during middle childhood?
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School-age childrens more reflective and analytical approach to language permits them to appreciate the multiple meanings of words.
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African-American childrens narratives are usually longer and more complex than those of white children because African-American children
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tend to use a topic-associating narrative style.
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Children of bilingual parents who teach them both languages in infancy and early childhood
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separate the language systems from the start and attain early language milestones according to a typical timetable.
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Which of the following is true about bilingual development?
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As with first-language development, a sensitive period for second-language development exists.
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Research on bilingual education shows that
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a strategy that promotes childrens native-language skills while they learn English is most effective for nonEnglish-speaking minority children.
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Research on educational philosophies indicates that
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constructivist classrooms are associated with gains in critical thinking and greater social and moral maturity.
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In social-constructivist classrooms,
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students learning is jointly constructed with the teacher and peers.
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Which of the following is true about cooperative learning?
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Children profit more when their peer partner is an expert.
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Studies show that educational self-fulfilling prophecies are especially likely to occur
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when teachers emphasize competition and publicly compare children.
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Which of the following statements about inclusion is true?
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Children with special needs often do best when they receive instruction in a resource room for part of the day and in the regular classroom for the remainder.
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Rochelle is taking a test in which she is asked to come up with as many different ways as possible to make use of a straw. This is most likely a test of
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divergent thinking.
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Research on giftedness indicates that
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many gifted children and adolescents are socially isolated.
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Which of the following is true about gifted education?
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Gardners theory of multiple intelligences has inspired several model programs that provide enrichment to all students in diverse disciplines.
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In international studies of reading, mathematics, and science achievement, U.S. students
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typically perform at the international average, and sometimes below it.
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Cross-cultural research shows that
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in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, the school year is more than 50 days longer than in the United States.
