HDFS 2400 – Chapter 8 – Flashcards
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According to Erikson, once preschoolers have a sense of autonomy, they become less _______ than they were as toddlers.
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contrary
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For Erikson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly strict ________ that causes children to feel too much _________ because they have been threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults.
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superego; guilt
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Erikson's image of _______ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives.
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initiative
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As self-awareness strengthens, preschoolers begin to develop a
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self-concept.
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Preschoolers self-concepts
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are very concrete.
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If you ask 3-year-old Winnie to tell you about herself, she will probably describe herself in terms of
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observable characteristics.
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The stronger children's self-definition is, the more ________ they tend to be.
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possessive
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When trying to promote friendly peer interaction in her preschool classroom, Miss Dodge should
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encourage compromise rather than insisting on sharing.
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___________ are a major means through which caregivers imbue the young child's self-concept with cultural values.
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Narratives
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In a study of middle-SES Irish-American families in Chicago and Chinese families in Taiwan, Chinese parents
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frequently told their preschoolers stories about the child's misdeeds.
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Four-year-old Hobie is asked to rate his competence in ice skating. He will probably
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rate his own ability as extremely high and underestimate the difficulty of skating.
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During the preschool years, high self-esteem
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greatly contributes to children's initiative during a period in which they must master many new skills.
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Adults can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children by
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adjusting their expectations to children's capacities.
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Preschoolers are especially likely to engage in emotion talk
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during make-believe play.
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______________ contributes to preschoolers improved emotional self-regulation.
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Language
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Research on emotional self-regulation demonstrates that
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preschoolers know they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input.
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Inhibiting impulses and shifting attention through _____________ are vital in managing emotion during early childhood.
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effortful control
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Four-year-old Tristan experiences negative emotion intensely. He is more likely than other children to
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react with anger or aggression when he is frustrated.
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Preschoolers self-conscious emotions are
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clearly linked to self-evaluation.
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When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag, her dad comments, You stood still as you were throwing. Now try taking a step toward me as you throw. Assuming Katherine's dad regularly gives this sort of feedback, which of the following is most likely true?
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Katherine is likely to show moderate levels of shame and pride and greater persistence on difficult tasks.
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Among Western children, when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame, it is related to
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good adjustment.
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An important motivator of prosocial behavior is
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empathy.
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Empathy
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can escalate self-focused personal distress in some children.
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Children who are sociable and assertive are
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more likely to help, share, and comfort others in distress.
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Two-year-old Darcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings. When another child is unhappy, Darcy is likely to respond with
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sympathetic concern.
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Children who are unable to regulate their emotions
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display less pro-social behavior and sympathetic concern.
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According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are ________ and __________ play.
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associative; cooperative
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Follow-up research on peer sociability indicates that
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all types of play coexist in early childhood.
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Max plays with a funnel at one end of the sand table, while Madison makes a pie at the other end. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaging in __________ play.
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associative
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Candace and Christina sit side by side playing with their dolls. They do not talk or try to influence each other. They are engaging in _______ play.
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parallel
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Research on peer sociability demonstrates that
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preschoolers move from one type of play to another and back again.
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Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she
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engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action.
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Four- to 7-year-olds regard friendship as
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pleasurable play and sharing of toys.
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Frank, a kindergartener, says that Pat is his best friend on days they get along. But when a dispute arises, he reverses himself: Pat is not my friend! Franks parents should
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not be concerned because friendships in early childhood do not have a long-term, enduring quality based on mutual trust.
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Research on friendships shows that
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the ease with which kindergarteners make new friends predicts behaviors linked to gains in achievement.
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Which of the following is an example of a direct parental influence on childrens peer sociability?
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Maxine arranges for her 4-year-old to play with his friend at the park.
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Research on parental influences on childrens peer sociability shows that
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preschoolers whose parents arrange play dates tend to have larger peer networks.
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Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a childs morality is
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externally controlled by adults.
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Truly moral individuals
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have developed compassionate concerns and principles of good conduct.
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Psychoanalytic theory stresses
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the emotional side of conscience development.
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According to Freud, children
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act morally to avoid punitive feelings of guilt from their superego.
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Research reveals that inductive discipline
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helps children notice others feelings and points out the effects of children's misbehavior on others.
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Which of the following statements is an example of induction?
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Your sister is crying because you wont give back her truck.
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Although good discipline is crucial, ___________ is also influential in conscience development.
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a childs temperament
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Maureen and Chris, the parents of an impulsive preschooler, can foster conscience development by
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combining firm correction with induction.
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Current research indicates that Freud was correct that
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guilt is an important motivator of moral action.
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According to social learning theorists, children learn to behave morally
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by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.
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Frequent punishment
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promotes immediate compliance, but not lasting changes in behavior.
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Which of the following is true about the effects of harsh punishment?
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Harsh punishment induces a sense of being personally threatened.
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Mia bit her brother, so her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges,
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allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence.
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Studies suggest that time out is useful as a disciplinary technique
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when a child is out of control.
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Research on the consequences of corporal punishment reveals that in African-American families,
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the more mothers discipline physically in childhood, the less their teenagers display angry, acting out behavior.
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Research on corporal punishment shows that spanking is
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associated with a rise in problem behaviors if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive.
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Martha and Thomas can increase the effectiveness of their parental discipline by
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offering reasons for mild punishment.
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One strategy of positive discipline is
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reducing opportunities for misbehavior.
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In contrast to the psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches to morality, the cognitive-developmental perspective
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regards children as active thinkers about social rules.
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Preschoolers distinguish ___________, which protect peoples rights and welfare, from ___________, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual.
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moral imperatives; matters of personal choice
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Four-year-old Ellie is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing an apple, and the other showing a child eating ice cream with her fingers. Ellie is most likely to view
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the stealing as worse than the bad table manners.
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Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because she lies. This is an example of __________ aggression.
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relational
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Marlena teases Jessica by calling her a dodo head. This is an example of ________ aggression.
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verbal
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_________ aggression in verbal and ________ forms tends to rise over early and middle childhood.
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Reactive; relational
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Which of the following is supported by research on sex differences in aggression?
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Although girls have a reputation for being both more verbally and relationally aggressive than boys, the sex difference is small.
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Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence
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increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behaviors in viewers.
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Which of the following statements is supported by research on television programming and aggression?
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Cartoons are the most violent TV programs.
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Which of the following statements is supported by research on viewing television violence?
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Aggressive children have a greater appetite for violent TV programming than nonaggressive children.
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In the United States, __________ has hampered efforts to regulate TV content.
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the First Amendment right to free speech
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At present, ___________ bear(s) most responsibility for protecting children from exposure to media violence and other inappropriate content.
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parents
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In Michaelas preschool classroom, the girls spend more time in the housekeeping and art centers, while the boys play with blocks and Legos. This is an example of
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gender typing.
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During early childhood, childrens gender-stereotyped beliefs
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strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated.
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Which of the following preschoolers is most likely to be shunned by agemates?
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a boy who wears nail polish
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Research on gender typing reveals that
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the presence of male sex hormones leads to a rough, noisy play style in boys.
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Which of the following is supported by research on gender typing?
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By age 6, children spend 11 times as much time with same-sex as with other-sex playmates.
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Research on environmental influences on gender typing suggests that parents
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have different expectations for sons than for daughters.
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The case of David Reimer, the boy who was raised as a girl after a circumcision accident, demonstrates
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the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a persons sense of self as male or female.
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David Reimers gender reassignment failed because his
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male biology overwhelmingly demanded a consistent sexual identity.
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Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that teachers
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give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities.
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The more preschoolers play with same-sex playmates, the
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more their behavior becomes gender typed.
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Maria more positively evaluates girls than boys. This is an example of
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in-group favoritism.
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Mark rates his personality as ambitious, competitive, affectionate, cheerful, and soft-spoken. Marks responses indicate a(n)
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androgynous gender identity.
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Research on gender identity demonstrates that
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masculine and androgynous children have a higher self-esteem than those with a feminine identity.
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According to social learning theory, __________ come(s) before __________ in the development of gender identity.
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behavior; self-perceptions
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Six-year-old Charlie realizes that his sister remains a girl even when she operates a bulldozer. Charlie has acquired the concept of gender
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constancy.
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Children younger than age 6 who watch an adult dress a doll in other-gender clothing typically
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insist that the dolls sex has also changed.
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Research on gender constancy demonstrates that
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attainment of gender constancy is strongly related to the ability to pass Piagetian conservation and verbal appearancereality tasks.
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Gender schema theory
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explains how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender-role development.
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Molly says, Only girls can be nurses. Molly
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is a gender-schematic child.
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Nathan is shown a picture of a male nurse. Later, when asked to describe the occupation of the person in the picture, Nathan remembers him as a doctor. Nathan
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is a gender-schematic child.
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Douglas does not like volleyball. Douglas concludes that only girls like volleyball. Douglas
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is a gender-schematic child.
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By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do
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are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination.
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The ____________ child-rearing style is the most successful approach.
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authoritative
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Authoritarian parents
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rarely listen to the child's point of view.
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Permissive parents
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are warm but overindulgent.
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Which of the following is true about the authoritative child-rearing style?
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Authoritative parents insist on mature behavior, give reasons for their expectations, and use teaching moments to promote the childs self-regulation.
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Bobby is anxious, unhappy, and has low self-esteem. When frustrated, Bobby tends to react with hostility. His parents are most likely to fit which of the following child-rearing styles?
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authoritarian
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Which of the following is true about the permissive child-rearing style?
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Instead of gradually granting autonomy, permissive parents allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so.
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Tanners parents are withdrawn. They make no demands of Tanner and are indifferent to his point of view. Tanners parents have a(n) ____________ style of child rearing.
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uninvolved
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Uninvolved parenting
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is, at its extreme, a form of child maltreatment called neglect.
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__________ commit the vast majority of child abuse incidents.
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Parents
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Mothers engage in _________ more often than fathers, whereas fathers engage in __________ more often than mothers.
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neglect; sexual abuse
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_________ and __________ are at the greatest risk for physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.
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Preschool; school-age children
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Which of the following children is the most likely to become a target of child abuse?
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Cole, a premature baby
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Maltreating parents
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suffer from biased thinking about their child.
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Research on child maltreatment shows that
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maltreating parents lack lifelines to others and have no one to turn to in stressful times.
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Which of the following is supported by research on child maltreatment?
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Every industrialized country except the United States and Canada prohibits corporal punishment in school.
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At school, maltreated children
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present serious discipline problems.
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Priscilla was abused by her mother. She does not want to repeat the cycle with her own children. Which of the following interventions is the most likely to help Priscilla?
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Developing a trusting relationship with another person.
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In an evaluation of its effectiveness, Healthy Families home visitation alone reduced only neglect, not abuse. But adding __________ dramatically increased its impact.
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a cognitive component
