HDFS 2400 Ch. 8 – Flashcards
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Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression. 1) direct 2) verbal 3) instrumental 4) relational
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relational
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Gender schema theory 1) explains how environmental factors contribute to sex differences in behavior and personality traits. 2) explains how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender-role development. 3) maintains that children acquire gender-typed responses through modeling and reinforcement. 4) maintains that biological factors have a greater impact on gender typing than environmental factors.
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explains how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender-role development.
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In the United States, __________ has hampered efforts to regulate TV content. 1) lobbying by the television industry 2) the First Amendment right to free speech 3) the concept of individualism 4) a lack of education
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the First Amendment right to free speech
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permissive parents 1) are warm but overindulgent. 2) are cold and rejecting. 3) engage in joint decision making with the child. 4) make coercive demands, using force and punishment.
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are warm but overindulgent.
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Although good discipline is crucial, ___________ is also influential in conscience development. 1) a child's temperament 2) peer sociability 3) fear of punishment 4) permissive child rearing
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a child's temperament
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Which of the following is true about the effects of harsh punishment? 1) Harshly treated children are rarely aggressive toward other children. 2) Adults whose parents used corporal punishment tend to reject such discipline. 3) Harsh punishment induces a sense of being personally threatened. 4) Harsh punishment causes children to be overly sensitive and empathetic.
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Harsh punishment induces a sense of being personally threatened.
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Mia bit her brother, so her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges, 1) gives Mia's father a cooling-off period. 2) allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence. 3) helps Mia relate biting to her father's expectations for her future behavior. 4) is not as effective as corporal punishment.
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allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence.
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Which of the following statements is an example of induction? 1) "I'll put you in time out if you don't stop jumping on the couch." 2) "You sat there last time. It is your sister's turn." 3) "You hit your brother. You know better than that." 4) "Your sister is crying because you won't give back her truck."
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"Your sister is crying because you won't give back her truck."
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Frequent punishment 1) promotes moral development and prosocial behavior. 2) promotes immediate compliance, but not lasting changes in behavior. 3) is more common with school-age children than with toddlers and preschoolers. 4) produces lasting changes in children's behavior.
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promotes immediate compliance, but not lasting changes in behavior.
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Four-year-old Ellie is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing an apple, and the other showing a child eating ice cream with her fingers. Ellie is most likely to view 1) the stealing as worse than the bad table manners. 2) both actions as okay as long as they were not witnessed by an adult. 3) both actions as equally wrong. 4) the bad table manners as worse than the stealing.
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the stealing as worse than the bad table manners.
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the ____________ child-rearing style is the most successful approach. 1) authoritative 2) authoritarian 3) permissive 4) uninvolved
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authoritative
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According to social learning theorists, children learn to behave morally 1) largely through operant conditioning. 2) because prosocial acts often occur spontaneously and then are positively reinforced. 3) because they feel empathy-based guilt. 4) by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.
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by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.
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Research on corporal punishment shows that spanking is 1) associated with a rise in problem behaviors regardless of the cultural context. 2) viewed by most Caucasian-American children as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind. 3) a more effective form of discipline than time out, withdrawal of privileges, or induction. 4) associated with a rise in problem behaviors if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive.
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associated with a rise in problem behaviors if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive.
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David Reimer's gender reassignment failed because his 1) feminine behavior led classmates to taunt and tease him. 2) genetic abnormalities could not be overcome. 3) male biology overwhelmingly demanded a consistent sexual identity. 4) gender reassignment surgery led him to act more like a boy than a girl.
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male biology overwhelmingly demanded a consistent sexual identity.
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Candace and Christina sit side by side playing with their dolls. They do not talk or try to influence each other. They are engaging in _______ play. 1) nonsocial 2) parallel 3) associative 4) cooperative
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parallel
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Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence 1) decreases the likelihood of hostile emotions, but increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in viewers. 2) has a negative impact on preschool children, but does not increase aggression in older children. 3) is common on nighttime programming, but perpetrators are almost always punished. 4) increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behaviors in viewers.
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increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behaviors in viewers.
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Children who are sociable and assertive are 1) more likely to help, share, and comfort others in distress. 2) usually poor at regulating emotion. 3) likely to show a rise in heart rate and lip biting when they see a peer in distress. 4) often overwhelmed by others' distress.
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more likely to help, share, and comfort others in distress.
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Research on child maltreatment shows that 1) strangers commit more than 60 percent of abusive incidents. 2) abuse depends more strongly on child factors than on parents' characteristics. 3) maltreating parents lack "lifelines" to others and have no one to turn to in stressful times. 4) contrary to popular belief, low income, low education, and marital conflict do not increase the chances of abuse.
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maltreating parents lack "lifelines" to others and have no one to turn to in stressful times.
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Maltreating parents 1) suffer from biased thinking about their child. 2) tend to have abnormally low cortisol levels. 3) have an abusive personality type. 4) are confident in their ability to control their children.
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suffer from biased thinking about their child.
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Which of the following statements is supported by research on viewing television violence? 1) Violent programming creates short-term increases in aggression, but does not have long-term negative consequences. 2) Aggressive children have a greater appetite for violent TV programming than nonaggressive children. 3) Older children are more likely than preschool and young school-age children to imitate TV violence. 4) Violent television only has a negative effect on children who are already highly aggressive.
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Aggressive children have a greater appetite for violent TV programming than nonaggressive children.
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Frank, a kindergartener, says that Pat is his best friend on days they get along. But when a dispute arises, he reverses himself: "Pat is not my friend!" Frank's parents should 1) talk to the teacher about Frank's poor attitude. 2) talk to Pat's parents and both children about the true meaning of friendship. 3) not be concerned because friendships in early childhood do not have a long-term, enduring quality based on mutual trust. 4) be concerned because secure friendships in early childhood should survive conflicts.
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not be concerned because friendships in early childhood do not have a long-term, enduring quality based on mutual trust.
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Molly says, "Only girls can be nurses." Molly 1) is a gender-aschematic child. 2) has not yet attained gender constancy. 3) has an androgynous gender identity. 4) is a gender-schematic child.
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is a gender-schematic child.
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Bobby is anxious, unhappy, and has low self-esteem. When frustrated, Bobby tends to react with hostility. His parents are most likely to fit which of the following child-rearing styles? 1) authoritative 2) authoritarian 3) permissive 4) uninvolved
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authoritarian
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Marlena teases Jessica by calling her a "dodo head." This is an example of ________ aggression. 1) relational 2) indirect 3) verbal 4) instrumental
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verbal
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Four-year-old Tristan experiences negative emotion intensely. He is more likely than other children to 1) talk to himself to adjust his emotional arousal. 2) react with anger or aggression when he is frustrated. 3) try to blunt his emotions by restricting sensory input. 4) ask for adult help when he becomes frustrated.
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react with anger or aggression when he is frustrated.
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Mothers engage in _________ more often than fathers, whereas fathers engage in __________ more often than mothers. 1) neglect; sexual abuse 2) physical abuse; emotional abuse 3) sexual abuse; neglect 4) emotional abuse; physical abuse
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neglect; sexual abuse
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Mark rates his personality as ambitious, competitive, affectionate, cheerful, and soft-spoken. Mark's responses indicate a(n) 1) traditionally masculine gender identity. 2) traditionally feminine gender identity. 3) androgynous gender identity. 4) abnormal gender identity.
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androgynous gender identity.
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In contrast to the psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches to morality, the cognitive-developmental perspective 1) focuses on how children internalize standards of good conduct from adults. 2) emphasizes forms of discipline that encourage and reward good conduct. 3) encourages the use of corporal punishment to correct misbehavior. 4) regards children as active thinkers about social rules.
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regards children as active thinkers about social rules.
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Children who are unable to regulate their emotions 1) display less prosocial behavior and sympathetic concern. 2) are likely to help others in distress. 3) tend to avoid peers in distress. 4) exhibit more prosocial behavior.
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display less prosocial behavior and sympathetic concern.
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Preschoolers' self-concepts 1) are typically abstract. 2) are very concrete. 3) focus mainly on personality traits. 4) are overly critical.
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are very concrete.
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Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child's morality is 1) regulated by inner standards. 2) motivated by a fear of retribution. 3) driven by compassionate concern. 4) externally controlled by adults.
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externally controlled by adults.
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Max plays with a funnel at one end of the sand table, while Madison makes a pie at the other end. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaging in __________ play. 1) associative 2) parallel 3) nonsocial 4) cooperative
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associative
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Research on gender typing reveals that 1) as children interact with peers, they choose other-sex partners more often than same-sex partners. 2) prenatally administered androgens suppress active play and aggression. 3) the presence of male sex hormones leads to a rough, noisy play style in boys. 4) in early childhood, girls are more gender-stereotyped than boys.
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the presence of male sex hormones leads to a rough, noisy play style in boys.
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Which of the following is true about the permissive child-rearing style? 1) Instead of gradually granting autonomy, permissive parents allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so. 2) Permissive parents exercise firm, reasonable control over their children. 3) Permissive parents insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations. 4) Permissive parents are emotionally detached and depressed, with little time and energy for children.
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Instead of gradually granting autonomy, permissive parents allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so.
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Four-year-old Hobie is asked to rate his competence in ice skating. He will probably 1) say that ice skating is a girl's sport and underestimate its difficulty. 2) rate his own ability as extremely high and underestimate the difficulty of skating. 3) rate his own ability as extremely low and overestimate the difficulty of skating. 4) give an accurate assessment of his own ability, but overestimate the difficulty of skating.
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rate his own ability as extremely high and underestimate the difficulty of skating.
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Research on environmental influences on gender typing suggests that parents 1) actively reinforce dependence in boys. 2) have different expectations for sons than for daughters. 3) have similar expectations for sons and daughters. 4) give their sons toys that emphasize cooperation.
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have different expectations for sons than for daughters.
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The case of David Reimer, the boy who was raised as a girl after a circumcision accident, demonstrates 1) the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female. 2) that gender stereotyping can have devastating effects on self-esteem. 3) that environment is more important than biology in determining one's gender identity. 4) that boys have more difficulty adjusting to gender reassignment surgery than girls.
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the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female.
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Inhibiting impulses and shifting attention through _____________ are vital in managing emotion during early childhood. 1) effortful control 2) parental redirection 3) sensory stimulation 4) self-awareness
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effortful control
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Which of the following is true about the authoritative child-rearing style? 1) Authoritative parents exert control, yell, command, criticize, and threaten their children. 2) Many authoritative parents simply lack confidence in their ability to influence their child's behavior. 3) Authoritative parents combine low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy. 4) Authoritative parents insist on mature behavior, give reasons for their expectations, and use "teaching moments" to promote the child's self-regulation
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Authoritative parents insist on mature behavior, give reasons for their expectations, and use "teaching moments" to promote the child's self-regulation.
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Which of the following statements is supported by research on television programming and aggression? 1) Cartoons are the most violent TV programs. 2) Cartoons are the least violent TV programs. 3) About one-third of prime time TV programs contain violent scenes. 4) Contrary to popular belief, television violence does not contribute to childhood aggression.
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Cartoons are the most violent TV programs.
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Martha and Thomas can increase the effectiveness of their parental discipline by 1) telling their children that they are using punishment as a last resort. 2) permitting their children to act inappropriately on some occasions. 3) designating one parent as the disciplinarian. 4) offering reasons for mild punishment.
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offering reasons for mild punishment.
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Authoritarian parents 1) make few or no demands. 2) permit children to make age-appropriate decisions. 3) rarely listen to the child's point of view. 4) are emotionally detached and withdrawn.
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rarely listen to the child's point of view.
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Research on parental influences on children's peer sociability shows that 1) preschoolers whose parents frequently arrange informal peer play activities tend to exhibit weak social skills. 2) parents tend to play more with children of the other sex. 3) preschoolers whose parents arrange play dates tend to have larger peer networks. 4) the quality of play with fathers is more strongly linked to social competence among girls than among boys.
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preschoolers whose parents arrange play dates tend to have larger peer networks.
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Maureen and Chris, the parents of an impulsive preschooler, can foster conscience development by 1) using mild suggestions and offering explanations. 2) asserting their power as authority figures. 3) applying gentle discipline. 4) combining firm correction with induction.
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combining firm correction with induction.
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Uninvolved parenting 1) involves psychological control. 2) is warm and accepting but inattentive. 3) is, at its extreme, a form of child maltreatment called neglect. 4) promotes maturity and adjustment in children of diverse temperaments.
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is, at its extreme, a form of child maltreatment called neglect.
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If you ask 3-year-old Winnie to tell you about herself, she will probably describe herself in terms of 1) personality traits. 2) future goals. 3) psychological qualities. 4) observable characteristics.
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observable characteristics.
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In Michaela's preschool classroom, the girls spend more time in the housekeeping and art centers, while the boys play with blocks and Legos. This is an example of 1) gender typing. 2) gender selection. 3) role modeling. 4) role playing.
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gender typing.
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Research reveals that inductive discipline 1) fails to provide children with information about how to behave in future situations. 2) helps children notice others' feelings and points out the effects of children's misbehavior on others. 3) discourages the development of empathy and sympathy. 4) encourages children to comply with rules in order to avoid the loss of parental love.
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helps children notice others' feelings and points out the effects of children's misbehavior on others.
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Priscilla was abused by her mother. She does not want to repeat the cycle with her own children. Which of the following interventions is the most likely to help Priscilla? 1) attending child development classes 2) confronting her own mother about her maltreatment 3) joining a self-help group for victims of child abuse 4) developing a trusting relationship with another person
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developing a trusting relationship with another person
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The V-chip 1) violates the First Amendment right to free speech. 2) remains optional for new television sets in the United States. 3) allows parents to block undesired TV programming. 4) identifies violent programs and replaces them with educational shows.
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allows parents to block undesired TV programming.
