HDFS 2400: Ch. 10 – Flashcards
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Which of the following is true about child care for school-age children? 1) Among younger school-age children, those who spend more hours alone have higher self-esteem and academic achievement. 2) Children left in self-care are less likely to bend to peer pressure than children in after-care programs. 3) Low-SES children who participate in after-care programs exceed their self-care counterparts in classroom work habits, academic achievement, and prosocial behavior. 4) By age 8 or 9, most children show no differences in adjustment whether they are left in self-care or attend after-care programs.
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Low-SES children who participate in after-care programs exceed their self-care counterparts in classroom work habits, academic achievement, and prosocial behavior.
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Danielle saw a man carrying a sign that said "I'm hungry." She took the man's perspective, imagined how he felt, and asked her mom if she could give her allowance to the man so that he could buy some food. Danielle has developed 1) pride. 2) guilt. 3) empathy. 4) industry.
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empathy
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Despite the concerns of middle childhood, child rearing becomes easier for those parents who established a(n) ___________ style in the early years. 1) authoritarian 2) authoritative 3) permissive 4) uninvolved
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authoritative
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According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is 1) autonomy versus shame and doubt. 2) basic trust versus mistrust. 3) ego versus despair. 4) industry versus inferiority.
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industry versus inferiority.
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Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make _________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________. 1) realistically oriented; luck 2) mastery-oriented; ability 3) externally focused; effort 4) achievement-related; luck
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mastery-oriented; ability
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Which of the following statements is true about self-esteem in elementary school? 1) It rises dramatically as soon as children enter school and remains high throughout the elementary school years. 2) It increases steadily over the first few years of elementary school and then drops from fourth grade on. 3) Throughout middle childhood, girls' self-esteem tends to be higher than boys'. 4) It declines during the first few years of elementary school and then, from fourth grade on, rises for the majority of young people.
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It declines during the first few years of elementary school and then, from fourth grade on, rises for the majority of young people.
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In contrast to Americans, Asians focus more on ________ because ______________. 1) success; it fosters self-worth 2) failure; it indicates where corrective action is needed 3) success; their culture places a lower value on self-improvement 4) failure; their culture places a lower value on effort
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failure; it indicates where corrective action is needed
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Teachers who are ________ and emphasize __________ tend to have mastery-oriented students. 1) strict; getting good grades 2) indulgent; having fun 3) helpful; learning over getting good grades 4) caring; getting good grades
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helpful; learning over getting good grades
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Compared to preschoolers, school-age children are more likely to explain emotion by referring to __________ than to __________. 1) observable characteristics; personality traits 2) personality traits; psychological qualities 3) external events; internal states 4) internal states; external events
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internal states; external events
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Self-esteem adjusts to a more realistic level in middle childhood largely as the result of 1) feedback about self-performance compared with that of peers. 2) the development of an incremental view of ability. 3) increases in perspective-taking skills. 4) child-rearing experiences and cultural values.
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feedback about self-performance compared with that of peers.
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When Sally fails, her parents say, "You can't do that, can you? It's OK if you quit." Sally probably will develop 1) mastery-oriented attributions. 2) learned helplessness. 3) realistic attributions. 4) a healthy self-image.
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learned helplessness.
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Compared to his Caucasian-American agemates, Leonard, an African-American fourth grader, is more likely to have 1) low self-esteem. 2) a weaker sense of ethnic pride. 3) higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride. 4) lower self-esteem, but a stronger sense of ethnic pride.
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higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride.
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Research on child sexual abuse indicates that 1) both boys and girls are equally likely to be sexually abused. 2) reported cases are highest in adolescence. 3) the abuser is most often a parent or someone the parent knows well. 4) the abuser is most often a stranger.
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the abuser is most often a parent or someone the parent knows well.
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Andrew has well-developed emotional self-regulation. He feels that he is in control of his emotional experiences. Andrew has acquired 1) perspective-taking skills. 2) an ideal self. 3) a sense of emotional self-efficacy. 4) coregulation strategies.
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a sense of emotional self-efficacy.
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As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in 1) feedback from close friends. 2) parental attitudes. 3) comparison with siblings. 4) feedback from teachers.
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feedback from close friends.
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Mr. and Mrs. Frishman recently divorced. Their 5-year-old son is likely to 1) take on extra household chores. 2) blame himself for the marital breakup. 3) escape into undesirable peer activities. 4) provide emotional support to his mother.
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blame himself for the marital breakup.
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When classmates are asked to rate each other's likeability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned. 1) popular; neglected 2) neglected; rejected 3) popular; rejected 4) controversial; neglected
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popular; neglected
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Which of the following is true about gender typicality? 1) The degree to which a child feels satisfied with his or her gender assignment has little to do with happiness. 2) Children's psychological well-being depends, to some degree, on feeling that they "fit in" with their same-sex peers. 3) Children who feel strong gender-typed pressure typically have the highest self-esteem. 4) Children must be highly gender-typed to view themselves as gender typical.
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Children's psychological well-being depends, to some degree, on feeling that they "fit in" with their same-sex peers.
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Effective coregulation is based on a(n) 1) cooperative relationship between parent and child based on give-and-take and mutual respect. 2) permissive child-rearing style where the child takes responsibility for making rules. 3) agreement between parents and other caregivers to be consistent with rules and discipline. 4) authoritarian child-rearing style where the parent exercises firm control.
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cooperative relationship between parent and child based on give-and-take and mutual respect.
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The majority of popular-prosocial children combine __________ and __________ competence. 1) academic; social 2) academic; athletic 3) athletic; emotional 4) social; emotional
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academic; social
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____________ parenting is associated with unrealistically high self-esteem. 1) Controlling 2) Uninvolved 3) Authoritative 4) Indulgent
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Indulgent
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During middle childhood, children's emotional understanding develops as they become aware that 1) others' facial expressions indicate their feelings. 2) people can feel more than one emotion at a time. 3) pride and guilt primarily occur when adults are present. 4) basic emotions are related to personal responsibility.
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people can feel more than one emotion at a time.
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In middle childhood, the amount of time children spend with parents 1) increases for girls but decreases for boys. 2) increases dramatically. 3) decreases dramatically. 4) is often characterized by high rates of conflict.
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decreases dramatically.
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On a measure of peer acceptance, Dustin was seldom mentioned either positively or negatively. Dustin would be considered a ___________ child. 1) neglected 2) rejected 3) withdrawn 4) popular-antisocial child
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neglected
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Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that 1) children who belong to a peer group rarely use relationally aggressive tactics to oust no longer "respected" children. 2) within peer groups, children learn cooperation, leadership, followership, and loyalty to collective goals. 3) belonging to a peer group diminishes opportunities to acquire socially competent behavior. 4) formal peer groups, such as 4-H or religious groups, often fail to satisfy children's desire for group membership.
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within peer groups, children learn cooperation, leadership, followership, and loyalty to collective goals.
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When Erica's best friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to ten. Erica is using 1) problem-centered coping. 2) emotion-centered coping. 3) emotional self-efficacy. 4) coregulation strategies.
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emotion-centered coping.
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During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor. 1) athletic competence 2) academic competence 3) physical appearance 4) social competence
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physical appearance
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__________ children are at the highest risk for poor school performance, antisocial behavior, substance abuse, and delinquency. 1) Neglected 2) Controversial 3) Rejected 4) Popular
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Rejected
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Compared to his Western agemates, Chao, who lives in China, will most likely describe himself by referencing his 1) individual interests. 2) personal attributes. 3) academic and sports-related skills. 4) group memberships and relationships.
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group memberships and relationships.
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Research shows that divorce mediation 1) increases cooperation in child rearing. 2) increases family conflict over child rearing. 3) decreases children's feelings of well-being. 4) decreases parents' feelings of well-being.
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increases cooperation in child rearing.
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Noncustodial fathers who see their children only occasionally tend to take on a(n) __________ style of parenting. 1) authoritarian 2) authoritative 3) uninvolved 4) permissive
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permissive
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Nine-year-old Marlon's grandmother comes to live with his family. She is overly harsh and uses insensitive reprimands to shame him when he has done something wrong. Which of the following is likely? 1) Marlon will experience a sharp drop in self-esteem and will display depression and intense anger toward his grandmother. 2) Marlon will try harder to win his grandmother's approval and will learn to respect her strict discipline. 3) Marlon will make amends with his grandmother and will strive for self-improvement. 4) Marlon will experience a rise in self-esteem as he strives to win his grandmother's approval.
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Marlon will experience a sharp drop in self-esteem and will display depression and intense anger toward his grandmother.
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Children who ____________ are especially vulnerable to sexual abuse. 1) live in a large extended family household 2) are aggressive and hostile 3) belong to churches and community organizations 4) live in homes with a constantly changing cast of characters
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live in homes with a constantly changing cast of characters
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Which of the following is true about perspective taking? 1) Good perspective takers handle difficult social situations effectively but are inconsistent in their displays of empathy and sympathy. 2) Children with poor social skills have great difficulty imagining others' thoughts and feelings. 3) Because school-age children are egocentric, they have difficulty understanding others' viewpoints. 4) While angry and aggressive children often mistreat adults and peers, they usually experience feelings of guilt and remorse when prompted by awareness of another's viewpoint.
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Children with poor social skills have great difficulty imagining others' thoughts and feelings.
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Often school phobia can be traced to 1) parental overprotection. 2) fear of physical harm. 3) frequent self-care. 4) permissive child rearing.
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parental overprotection.
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Research demonstrates that only children __________ compared to children with siblings. 1) exhibit higher rates of antisocial behavior 2) have lower self-esteem 3) display poorer social skills 4) are higher in self-esteem and achievement motivation
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are higher in self-esteem and achievement motivation
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Once a friendship forms, ________ becomes its defining feature. 1) proximity 2) shared experience 3) trust 4) conformity
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trust
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The overriding factor in positive adjustment following divorce is 1) shielding the child from family conflict and using authoritative child rearing. 2) children's cognitive and social maturity. 3) children's relationships with extended family, teachers, and friends. 4) court-mandated counseling for parents and children.
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shielding the child from family conflict and using authoritative child rearing.
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Which of the following statements is true about parent-child relationships in middle childhood? 1) When both parents are present, fathers engage in as much caregiving as mothers. 2) Fathers spend more time than mothers with school-age children. 3) While mothers are highly involved, fathers are more knowledgeable about children's everyday activities. 4) Fathers are more concerned than mothers with ensuring that children meet responsibilities in homework, after-school lessons, and chore
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When both parents are present, fathers engage in as much caregiving as mothers.
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Rejected-aggressive children are 1) deficient in perspective taking and emotional self-regulation. 2) passive and socially awkward. 3) bullied more often than rejected-withdrawn children. 4) accepted by boys but rejected by girls.
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deficient in perspective taking and emotional self-regulation.
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Jacob, a sixth grader, entered the middle school academic bowl. According to Erikson, by entering the competition, Jacob shows 1) autonomy. 2) industriousness. 3) inferiority. 4) basic trust.
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industriousness
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Jennifer and Joel's children reside with Joel and see Jennifer on a fixed schedule. Both parents have an equal say in important decisions about their children's upbringing. Which type of custodial arrangement do they have? 1) coregulation 2) joint custody 3) paternal custody 4) mediated custody
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joint custody
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According to Erikson, a sense of _________ can develop in middle childhood when family life fails to prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy children's feelings of competence and mastery with negative responses. 1) shame 2) guilt 3) inferiority 4) mistrust
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inferiority
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Which of the following statements about resilience is true? 1) Resilience is a preexisting attribute rather than a capacity that develops over time. 2) Resilience enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity. 3) Because they are repeatedly exposed to adversity, abused children become increasingly resilient over time. 4) Resilience is less common among children with a mastery-oriented approach to new situations.
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Resilience enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity.
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Research shows that maternal employment 1) reduces the time school-age children spend with their fathers. 2) often predicts declines in children's academic achievement. 3) tends to create increased gender-stereotyped beliefs in children. 4) leads fathers to take on greater child-rearing responsibilities.
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leads fathers to take on greater child-rearing responsibilities.
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Maddy spends most of her time with a particular set of friends. Within this group, there are specific standards of behavior, a specialized dress code, and identified leaders. Maddy is most likely 1) a controversial child. 2) an androgynous child. 3) part of a peer group. 4) part of a popular social clique
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part of a peer group.
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On a measure of peer acceptance, Michael received a large number of positive and negative votes. Michael would be considered a __________ child. 1) neglected 2) rejected 3) popular 4) controversial
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controversial
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Research on the long-term consequences of divorce indicates that 1) outcomes from sons are better when the mother is the custodial parent. 2) the degree of father involvement following divorce has little impact on girls' overall adjustment. 3) remaining in a high-conflict intact family is better than making the transition to a lower-conflict, single-parent household. 4) most children show improved adjustment by two years after divorce.
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most children show improved adjustment by two years after divorce.
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Research on peer victimization shows that 1) in middle childhood, girls bully peers nearly as often as boys. 2) school codes against bullying are rarely effective at reducing peer victimization. 3) developing a school code against bullying can reduce peer victimization. 4) most school-age children are well-liked and admired by peers.
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developing a school code against bullying can reduce peer victimization.
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Research shows that school-age children 1) rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations. 2) rate "feminine" occupations as having higher status than "masculine" occupations. 3) often feel gender-atypical but are afraid to talk about it. 4) will usually reject and ridicule a tomboyish girl.
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rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations.
