HCB NEUROLOGY SYSTEM – Flashcards
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Bell's Palsy
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A temporary acute paralysis or weakness of one side of the face
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Clonic ex
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Seizure movement
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Clonus ex
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Reflex test
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Decerebrate posturing (Away)
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Rigid extension of all four extremities with hyperpronation of the forearms and plantar flexion of the feet
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Decorticate Posturing (Toward)
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Posturing manifested by the obtunded patient pulling arms and hands medically toward the center of the body in response to noxious stimuli
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Dermatome
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The are of the skin supplied by cutaneous branches of a single cranial or spinal nerve -Used to pin point affected nerves
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Encephalitis
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An acute inflammation of the brain and spinal cord involving the meninges; often due to a virus
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Epilepsy
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A chronic disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures secondary to any underlying brain abnormality
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Hemiparesis
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Muscular weakness or partial paralysis restricted to one side of the body
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Hemiplegia
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Total or partial paralysis of one side of the body that results from disease or injury to the motor centers of the brain
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Intracranial pressure (ICP)
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Pressure that occurs inside the skull
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Glasgow Coma Scale
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Tool that allows numeric scoring of the patient's verbal, motor and eye opening responses to specific stimuli to assess the vertebral cortex and brain stem functions
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Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
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Post infectious disorder disorder following a non specific gastrointestinal or respiratory infection that causes an acute neuromuscular paralysis
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Lethargy
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The quality or state of being lazy, sluggish, or indifferent; abnormal drowsiness
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Meningitis
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Any infection or inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
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Paresthesia
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Sensation of prickling, tingling, or creeping on the skin having no objective cause and usually associated with injury or irritation of a sensory nerve or nerve root
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Reflex
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Reflected action, particularly an involuntary action or movement
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Seizure
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Sudden change in sensation, behavior, or movement
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Status Epilepticus
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Prolonged seizure or situation when a person suffers two or more convulsive seizures without regaining full consciousness
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Stroke
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Sudden interruption of blood supply to a part of the brain or the rupture of a blood vessel, spilling blood into the spaces around brain cells
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Syncope
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Loss of consciousness resulting from insufficient blood flow to the brain; fainting
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Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
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Patient occurs to look as if they are having a stroke. Complete resolution usually takes place within 24 hours
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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
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An injury that disrupts normal functioning of the brain
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Vertigo
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Sensation of dizziness, either of spinning oneself or of external objects whirling around oneself
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ANS
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Autonomic Nervous System
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PNS
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Peripheral Nervous System
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ICP
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Intracranial Pressure
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Central Nervous System
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Brain and Spinal cord
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# of cranial nerves
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12
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Sympathetic division
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Fight or flight
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Parasympathetic division
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Feed or breath; day-to-day body functions
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Meninges
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3 layers; surround the brain and spinal cord, assisting in the production and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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Circulates between an interconnecting system of ventricles in the brain and around the brain and spinal cord; shock absorber
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Brain needs _____, ______, ______ to survive
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Sugar, water, oxygen
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Total cardiac output
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20%
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Cerebrum
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General movement, visceral functions, perception, behavior, and the integration of these functions
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Commissural Fibers (Corpus Callosum)
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Interconnect the counterpart areas in each hemisphere, permitting the coordination of activities between the hemisphere
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Parietal lobe
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Processing sensory data; visual, taste, smell, and hearing sensations
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Occipital Lobe
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Primary vision center
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Temporal Lobe
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Interpretation of sounds and determination of their source. Integration of taste, smell, and balance
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Cerebellum
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Motor cortex; coordination
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# of parts in brainstem
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7
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Medulla oblongata
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Respiratory, circulatory, and vasomotor activities; houses respiratory center
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Pons
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Reflexes of pupillary action and eye movement; houses portion of the respiratory system
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Midbrain
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Reflex center for the eye and head movement; auditory relay pathway(vibrations)
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Diencephalon
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Relays impulses between cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, and medulla
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Epithalamus
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Sexual development and behavior; sleep pattern
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Hypothalamus
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Temp control, water metabolism, body fluid osmolarity, feeding behavior, and neuroendocrine activity
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Pituitary gland
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Hormonal control of growth, location, vasoconstriction, and metabolism
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Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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Maintain homeostasis, majority of body movements
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Cranial nerves
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Peripheral nerves that arise from the brain rather than the spinal cord
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CN I
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Olfactory Nerve
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CN II
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Optic Nerve
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CN III
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Oculomotor Nerve
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CN IV
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Trochlear Nerve
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CN V
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Trigeminal Nerve
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CN VI
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Abducens Nerve
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CN VII
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Facial Nerve
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CN III
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Acoustic Nerve
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CN IX
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve
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CN X
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Vague Nerve
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CN XI
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Spinal accessory Nerve
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CN XII
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Hypoglossal Nerve
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Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
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Naturally occurring barrier created by the modification of brain capillaries that prevents many substances from leaving the blood and crossing the capillary walls into the brain tissue
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Sensory: smell reception and interpretation
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Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
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Sensory: visual acuity and visual fields
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Optic Nerve (CN II)
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Motor: raise eyelids, most extraocular movements Parasympathetic: pupillary constriction, change lens shape
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Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
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Motor: downward, onward eye movement
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Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
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Motor: Jaw opening and clenching, chewing, mastication Sensory: sensation to cornea, iris, lacrimal glands, conjunctiva, eyelids, forehead, nose, nasal and mouth mucosa, teeth, tongue, ear, facial skin
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Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
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Motor: lateral eye movement
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Abducens Nerve (CN VI)
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Motor: movement of facial expression muscles except jaw, close eyelids labial speech sounds Sensory: taste Parasympathetic: secretion of saliva and tears
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Facial Nerve (CN VII)
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Sensory: Hearing and equilibrium
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Acoustic Nerve (CN VIII)
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Motor: voluntary muscles for swallowing Sensory: sensation of nasopharynx, gag reflex, taste Parasympathetic: secretion of salivary glands, carotid reflex Motor: voluntary muscles of phonation and swallowing
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
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Sensory: sensation behind ear and part of external ear canal Parasympathetic: secretion of digestive enzymes, involuntary action of heart, lungs, and digestive tract
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Vagus Nerve (CN X)
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Motor: turn head, shrug shoulders, some actions for phonation
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Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
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Motor: tongue movement for speech sound articulation and swallowing
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Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
