question

Medical societies were first established for the primary purpose of:

answer

improving the quality of medical education and practice

question

In 1905, the American Medical Association, with support from the Carnegie Foundation, commissioned a study of U.S. medical schools in response to decades of concern about the quality of medical education and training. The resulting Flexner Report is considered a benchmark in the history of medical education because it;

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stimulated licensing legislation and established new requirements pertaining to training lengths and quality standards in laboratories and other training facilities; resulted in contributions of large sums of charitable dollars from foundations and wealthy individuals

question

In 1965, the federal government recognized the contributions of medical-school/teaching-hospital research and training activities in advancing the sophistication and effectiveness of medical care with the passage of:

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Regional Medical Program legislation

question

Academic Health Centers may be best described as:

answer

complexes of medical schools and other health professional schools--such as nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, and allied health--affiliated with each other and with teaching hospitals and other research and clinical facilities

question

Specialization in medical training, while resulting in high-quality care, also caused significant problems for the medical care delivery system. Such problems include:

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higher costs and fragmentation of patient care continuity; the tendency of specialists to concentrate practices in urban centers, leaving large geographic areas underserved; an undersupply of generalist physicians

question

Health care reforms have begun changing the emphasis in medical practice from treating illness in individual patients to maintaining wellness in community populations. This shift poses major challenges to the medical education process because:

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medical eduation and training has historically focused on curing illness, not preventing it; the health care delivery system is largely operated as an "illness intervention" system; community health and preventative medicine has historically been assigned low priority in medical school curricula

question

States try to protect the public from receiving incompetent care by licensing certain health professions. Certification differs from licensing, in that certification:

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only recognizes special education or training

question

For more than a century, nurse midwives have provided valuablwe obstetrical services in the United States. Today, the need for midwives is:

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growing along with the interest in "birthing centers"

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Major influences on the evolution of the US health care financing system include:

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a combination of employer, consumer, purchaser and provider influences

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The health care system does not respond to the traditional market forces of supply and demand because:

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the suppliers (doctors and other providers) influence the demand

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Government's share of total heatlh care expenditures has remained stable recently, while costs have risen. The major reason for this stability is:

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the offsetting effect of major increases in employer-sponsored heatlh insurance premiums

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Historically, factors contributing to growth in health care spending have included:

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additions of advanced technology; specialization medicine; reimbursement incentives

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The increasing numbers of uninsured or underinsured Americans contribute to the high cost of health care because they:

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tend to use hospital emergency services as their primary source of care

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The fee-for-service system of reimbursement fueled high costs because it:

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encouraged physcians and hospitals to use the maximum number of services; placed few, if any, restrictions on patients' choice of services; placed a strong emphasis on the quality of care

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The prospective hospital reimbursement system introduced in 1983 was an effort to:

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achieve cost savings by reducing excessive hospital lengths of stay; align Medicare payments with the acutal costs of care; provide incentives to hospitals for achieving economy in patient care costs, based upon diagnoses

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In retrospect, implenmentation of the DRG system demonstrated that:

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hospitals could profit from instituting more efficient patient care procedures

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The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 may be charaterized as:

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enacting sweeping reductions in Medicare and Medicaid spending while addressing access barriers to children's health services

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Almost three-fourths of the 47 million individuals who lack health insurance in the US are:

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in housholds or families where at least one person is working full time

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The health care concept called "capitation" refers to:

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for a prepaid premium, providers agree to provid all medical care an individual requires for a specified time period

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An aim of managed care is to transfer some measure of financial risk to providers and to a lesser extent, to patients. Transferring financial risk to providers is accomplished by:

answer

using fee withholds

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A managed care pre-payment method that pays providers on a per-member basis whether or not services are used is called:

answer

capitation

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A feature of manage care is teh role of primary care provider as "gatekeepers." By requiring passage through the primary "gate" managed care organizations seek to:

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avoid unnecessary use of high-cost services

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The arrangment in which some managed care organizations pay on a fee-for-service basis but penalize providers if they exceed preset service targets is called:

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a withhold plan

question

By focusing on insured "populations" rather than individuals, managed care organizations can project health service use by:

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demographic factors such as age, gender, and area of residence

question

A goal of managed care is to control costs by controlling service utilization. It is accomplished primarily by:

answer

reversing the financial incentives of fee-for-service reimbursement

question

The phenomenon of managed care "backlash" is best characterized by which of the following:

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more than 1000 bills introduced to Congress to address a wide range of consumer issues about their health plans

question

Recent cost-control initiatives undertaken by managed care organizations to improve communications with chronic-disease patients in the hope of avoiding unnecessary, costly care are known by the term:

answer

disease management

question

The United States history of institutional long-term care began with:

answer

communal care settings operated by charitable community members

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Which of the following best describes the informal long-term care system?

answer

care and assistance provided in the home by family members and friends

question

What societal factors increases the need for formal long-term care services?

answer

women working outside the home, high divorce rates, smaller family sizes

question

Long-term care and nursing-home reform legislation of the 1970s occurred as a response to which of the following:

answer

widespread media reports and ensuing Congressional hearings on nursing home and residential care facility abuses and negligence AND national recognition of inadequate quality assurance and monitoring systems in the long-term care industry

question

The major distinction between skilled-nursing and residential care facilities is that skilled nursing facilities:

answer

provide care primarily for people requiring intensive nursing, rehabilitation, or related services

question

Respite care refers to:

answer

services that temporarily relieve informal caregivers through assistance in the home or through institutional placement on a temporary basis

question

The hospice movement is concerned with care for the terminally ill patient. Which of the following is/are major goal(s) of hospice care?

answer

providing an alternative to the curative/intervention approach of hospitals in the care of the terminally ill AND providing state-of-the-art pain relief interventions while supporting the patient and his/her family through the life-death transition

question

Medicare reforms in oversight and payment for home health care services resulted from:

answer

service audits documenting significant fraud and abuse of Medicare billing

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A major reason why only a small percentage of those in need of mental health services actually receives them is:

answer

mental health treatment is known to rarely be effective

question

One factor that does not affect the accurate diagnosis and treatment of mental illness in older adults is that:

answer

physicians often fail to recognize and properly identify mental disorders

question

Respite care's duration is:

answer

short-term, intermittent

question

The first professional nursing training program was at

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Philadelphia Women's Hospital

question

The reasons for decline in nurses' dissatisfaction with employment conditions are:

answer

Patient ratio, acuity, overtime

question

treat diseases, injuries of lower leg and foot

answer

Podiatrist

question

Who are considered "complementary practitioners"?

answer

chiropractors

question

State licensure is required for the following disciplines

answer

chiropractic, nursing, physical therapist, occupational therapist

question

The following are therapeutic science practitioners

answer

physical therapist, physician assistants, occupational therapists, speech pathologists

question

The modern model of Hospice was developed by

answer

Cicely Saunders, 1960's

question

One of the main purposes of Hospice is

answer

Palliative Care

question

Respite Services are approved by Medicare

answer

PAY small co-pay

HA:3308 HEALTHCARE ORG. II – Flashcards

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