Gero – Flashcard
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Longitudinal research
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most appropriated method when looking at aging from life course perspective
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rite of passages
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life course events that mark the transition from one role to another
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modernization theory
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status of elderly declines as the level of technology progresses
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disengagement theory
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mutual withdrawal from elderly and society
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continuity theory
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ppl maintain habits, personality, lifestyle that they developed in younger years
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ageism
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continuous deterioration and decline, thus forming basis for age-based prejudice
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cross-sectional methodology
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type of research where ppl of varying ages are analyzed at the same point in time
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fact
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people with the same chronological age can differ dramatically in the functional age
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as people get older, participation in leisure activities tends to ____________(decrease,increas, stay the same)
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decrease
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as people age, to they tend to engage in the same activities with the same ppl they know from middle age?
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yes, as people age they tend to engage in the same activitites with tthe same ppl they know from middle age..
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Depression at old age
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boredom and loss of life purpose are the most damaging threats to well being later in life
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True or false: older women tend to have higher levels of religious participation and belief than men do
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TRUE, older women tend to have higher levels of religious participation and belief than men do.
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normal aging
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time dependent biological process that involves functional loss and susceptibility to disease and death.
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compression of morbidity
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when illness is pushed into old age morbidity: a disease condition or state
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True or false: the maximum life span for species is unalterable?
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FALSE: lifespan - is the maximum possible length of life, it has not changed at all and it cannot be determined, but only by nature.
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True or false: research area in cryobiology has found that raising and maintain a higher body temperature can increase the life span in fruit-flies and some vertebrates
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FALSE: smaller organisms which have faster metabolisms also have a shorter life expectancy
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Cross sectional studies of intelligence reveal differences btw young and old ppl that do not arise from age but from chracteristics of diff cohorts including:
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A. young people are more familiar with testing B. old ppl show more test anxiety that young ppl C. some old ppl accept the prejudice of ageism D. young ppl are less cautious than old ppl and are more likely to guess
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True or false: wisdom is most like crystalized intelligence and not fluid intelligence
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TRUE: Crystalized intelligence- reflects accumulated past experience and the effects of socialization, it reflects gains made in practical, everyday life aka wisdom. Fluid intelligence is applied to new task or the ability to come up with novel or creative solutions to unforeseen problems-aka creativity
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Most gerontologist would agree that wisdom inevitably results from aging
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false: just bc your older, doesnt mean your smarter
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true or false: intelligence has potential for growth even at advance ages
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TRUE: when intelligence is defined as "the ability to think and learn new things," there is a lot of PLASTICITY or potential for growth even at advance ages.
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Activity theory
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DeBeauvoir's solution to a defensive and aggressive attitude in old age
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True or false: deBeauvoir argues that old age brings serenity in that all of life's conflicts have been resolved and ppl can live out the remainder of their lives
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FALSE
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Activity theory
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vital involvement in old age
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TRUE OR FALSE? Erickson, Erickson , and Kivnick argue that recollection is one way to adapt to the constant losses that occur in old age but a more rewarding form of adaption is to develop new relationships
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TRUE/FACT
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in american society, aging is often regarded as something_______________
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to be denied or concealed.
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The main components of "successful aging" include which of the following? a. avoiding disease and disability. b. maintaining mental and physical function c. continuing engagement with life d. all of the above e. avoiding disease and disability and maintaining mental and physical function.
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D. Avoiding disease and disability, maintaining mental and physical function, and continuing engagement with life
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TRUE OR FALSE: According to their definition of "successful aging", Rowe and Kahn argue that legendary pitcher Satchel Paige was aging successfully.
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TRUE: According to their definition of "successful aging," Rovwe and Kahn argue that legendary pitcher Satchel PAige was aging succesfully
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TRUE OR FALSE: Scott-Maxwell suggests that life has changed her, and at the same time, it has left her nearly the same.
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TRUE: Scott-maxwell suggest that life has changed her and at the same time, it has left her nearly the same
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TRUE OR FALSE: Scott-Maxwell argues that in old age, people have no duties except to themselves.
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FALSE: scott maxwell does not argue that in old age ppl have no duties except themselves
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TRUE OR FALSE: According to Scott-Maxwell, old people think often about how old they will become and how much decay they will have to endure until death.
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TRUE: Scott-maxwell, things that old ppl think about how old they will become and how much decay they will have to endure until death
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According to Hayflick, when does aging begin? a. at conception b. at birth c. following the reproductive period d. when the animal becomes independent of its parents e. none of the above
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According to hayflick, aging begins following the reproductive period
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TRUE OR FALSE: Hayflick likens aging to the ticking on of a cheap watch that eventually results in its failure.
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Hayflick likens aging to the ticking on the cheap watch that eventually results in its failure
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TRUE OR FALSE: Like other biomedical goals, discovering the processes that cause aging or determine our life span would have a strictly positive value
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FALSE
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According to Fries and Crapo, all of the following are true except a. the number of extremely old persons will increase. b. the percentage of a typical life spend in dependency will decrease. c. the period of adult vigor will be prolonged. d. the need for intensive medical care will decrease. e. the cost of medical care will decrease.
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F-a. the number of extremely old persons will increase. T-b. the percentage of a typical life spend in dependency will decrease. T- c. the period of adult vigor will be prolonged. T- d. the need for intensive medical care will decrease. T- e. the cost of medical care will decrease
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TRUE or FALSE: According to Fries and Crapo, average life expectancy has increased while life span has remained the same.
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TRUE": according to Fries and Crapo, avrg Life expectancy has increased while life span has remained the same
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TRUE OR FALSE: Premature deaths resulting from violence will comprise a smaller proportion of total premature deaths, according to Hayflick.
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FALSE
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Explanations for the improvement in functioning of current cohorts of older persons include: a. increases in the educational levels of newer cohorts of elders. b. decreases in the frequency of obesity. c. improvements in medical interventions. d. all of the above are true. e. increases in the educational levels of newer cohorts of elders and improvements in medical interventions.
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e. increases in the educational levels of newer cohorts of elders and improvements in medical interventions.
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TRUE or FALSE: The concepts of morbidity and disability can be used interchangeably — they mean the same thing when considering the compression of morbidity hypothesis.
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FALSE
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TRUE or FALSE: A challenge in determining the need for care in the older population is that population surveys on health in later life measure health status in multiple ways.
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TRUE
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TRUE or FALSE: Even if the compression of morbidity continues, there will still be an increase in health care resources needed because the size of the older population is increasing.
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TRUE
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TRUE or FALSE: International research on health trends in later life provides consistent results across countries.
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FALSE
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TRUE OR FALSE: de Grey argues that the first person to live to 1,000 years of age has not yet been born.
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FALSE
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True or false: The various therapies that will be able to repair all the types of molecular and cellular damage that occur over time will have to be implemented before that damage is evident.
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FALSE
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T or F Olshansky agrees with de Grey ("We will be able to live to 1,000") that with sufficient resources devoted to research, we can find a cure for aging.
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False
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T or F Olshansky argues that research on aging should focus on improved physical health and mental functioning, and not on the search for a cure to aging.
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TRUE
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T or F Olshansky concedes that the science of aging has significantly advanced in recent decades such that gerontology is close to discovering the key to physical immortality.
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False
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T or F According to Lehman, individuals who engage in creative work are most likely to produce the highest volume of highest quality work at later years.
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FALSE
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T or F The modal ages of peak creativity tend to rise slowly until the mid-30's, and then decline rapidly.
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FALSE
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Dennis argues that Lehman ("Age and Achievement") may have introduced bias into his study by a. using as a criterion for inclusion of a work as a "significant contribution" the appearance of the work in lists of "best" books, "best" operas, etc. b. assessing the importance of work done over several decades, which assumes that standards of excellence in all fields do not change. c. failing to acknowledge that the number of creative workers in all fields has greatly increased, thereby substantially increasing the competition among younger creative workers. d. all of the above e. using as a criterion for inclusion of a work as a "significant contribution" the appearance of the work in lists of "best" books, "best" operas, etc.; and assessing the importance of work done over several decades, which assumes that standards of excellence in all fields do not change
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D. All of the above
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T OR F Dennis agrees with Lehman ("Age and achievement") that the output of high quality creative work peaks in middle age, followed by an inevitable decline.
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false
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T or F: Dennis argues that Lehman's ("Age and achievement") methodology is flawed.
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True
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T or F Dennis argues that if all of Lehman´s methodological problems were corrected and sources of bias were eliminated, the negative relationship between age and creativity would disappear.
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FAlse
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T or F: According to Carstensen, normal changes in overall cognitive processing begin in a person´s 20´s and 30´s.
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True
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T or F: Older adults show a decided preference in memory and attention for positive information.
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True
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Findings from recent research on the aging brain suggest which of the following might be true? a.the brain retains its capacity for making new memories. b. the brain is more flexible than once thought. c. some aging changes in the brain are reversible. d. older brains process information in a different way than younger brains. e. all of the above.
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e. all of the above
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T or F: According to Cohen, historically both science and culture in Western societies have focused on the negative aspects of human aging.
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True
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T or F: Human beings stop developing psychologically at mid-life.
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FALSE
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Which of the following is the most prevalent chronic disease of old age? a.arthritis b.osteoporosis c. Parkinson's disease d. cancer e. cardiovascular disease
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a. arthritis
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_____ refers to the private health insurance policies that older people may purchase to supplement their Medicare coverage.
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Medigap
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The lowest rate of suicide in the Us occurs to
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none of the above:
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Highest rate of suicide in the Us occurs
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among older white men
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T or F according to gerontologist aging begins at birth
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F aging begins at puberty
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T or F it is though that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to Alzheimer disease
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True
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Backdoor Rationing
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a. implicit or indirect methods of rationing that limit access to the health care system such as through case management
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Managed Care
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combining insurance with health care providers and facilities in a unified network to control cost
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Alternative approaces to rational care besides age: a.limit medical procedures based on effectiveness b. implement cost-benefit analysis c. assess individuals' quality-adjusted life years and limit health care accordingly d. implement cost-effectiveness analysis e. all of the above
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all of the above
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Factors for responsible for rising health care costs: a. increasing longevity b. increasing intensity of services c. fraud, waste, and abuse d. all of the above e. increasing longevity and increasing intensity of services
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a, b,c,d
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T or F medicare beneficiaries who are near death are primary cause of large Medicare Payments
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False
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In order to allow caregivers some time off, ______ may be provided, which constitutes temporary care of dependent elders a, exchange care b.filial care c. long-term care d. respite care e. none of the above
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respite care
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The major public payer of care in nursing homes
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Medicaid
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T or F: The vast majority of care for aged relatives is provided by women, typically wives, daughters, or daughters-in-law.
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True
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T or F: Public opinion poll data show that a majority of adults in the U.S. support increased taxes to help pay for a long-term care program.
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True
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Which of the following is the best predictor of sexuality in old age? a. marital status b. earlier sexual behavior c. feelings of an older person about sexuality d. physical health e. none of the above
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B. Earlier sexual behavior
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T or F : Data from National Crime Victimization Surveys show that people over age 65 are more likely than other age groups to be victims of serious crimes, such as robbery, personal theft, assault, and rape.
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False
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T or F: Older people are more likely to be victims of financial exploitation than physical abuse.
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True
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T or F.: All states require mandatory reporting whenever there is evidence of elder abuse.
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False
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Which of the following are predictors of suicide? a. intolerable psychological pain and frustration b. psychological needs c. a feeling of hopelessness or helplessness d. expressing the intent to kill oneself e. all of the above
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e. all of the above
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T or F:Among old persons, clinical depression is the most important cause of suicide.
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True
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T or F U.S. common law holds that people have a right to accept or reject medical treatment.
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True
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T or F: Callahan argues that the primary role of elders is to serve the young and the future.
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True
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T or F: Public entitlement programs for the health care of the elderly should be used to relieve suffering but not to extend life through the use of life-extending technology.
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True
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T or F:Ubel argues that health care rationing amounts to an egregious crime against humanity.
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True
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T or F: According to Ubel, we should be concerned with effectiveness analysis rather than rationing so that everyone has access to the same services
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False
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T or F: Hentoff argues that Daniel Callahan's prpposal to ration health care on the basis of age is class-biased
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True
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T or F: For hentoff, Callahan's proposal becomes a decent proposal when callahan suggest that age based rationing wont
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False
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T or F; Wettle and Besdine Criticize Callahan's proposal to ration health care on the basis of age
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True
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T or F: Wettle and Besdine argue that in order to treat ppl fairly with regard to aging and health care policies, must focus on groups rather than on the individuals.
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False
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According to Perry and butler: scientific research should only be focused on which of the following activities: a. Reduction of Fraily b. improvement of health status c. increase independence d. all of the above e. reduction of frailty and improvement of health status
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d. all of the above
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T or F while they argue that the elderly are largely to blame for rising health care costs, Perry and Butler are critical of Callahans proposal to ration health care on the basis of age
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False
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T or F: strauss and ledeman caution that people should plan ahead in order to legally qualify for medicaid coverage of long term care costs
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True
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T or F: While divesting of ones asstets to qualify for medicaid is legal, stauss and lederman argue that it is an unethical practice
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FALSE
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T or F: medicare is fastes growing component of many state budgets
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False
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T or F: Quinn argues that diverting planning for the purpose of qualifying for Medicaid coverage of long term care cost is an ethical practice
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False
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T or F: according to Quinn when middle and upper middle class ppl qualify for medicaid rather than use their own money to pay for care, the quality of care deteriorates
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True
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T or F People should purchase long term care insurance or use their savings to pay for care in a nursing home, according to Quinn
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True
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According to Blaser, those who support paying family caregivers do so for which of the following reasons? a.Paying family caregivers supports and strengthens family values. b. Clients have a choice between hiring a family member to provide care or hiring a stranger. c. Workers would not have to be recruited, hired, trained, supervises, or paid benefits or health insurance. d. all of the above e. Paying family caregivers supports and strengthens family values and clients have a choice between hiring a family member to provide care or hiring a stranger.
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all of the above
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T or F: Blaser Argues that direct payments to families for caregiving should be avoided and instead service that complement and support family members should be provided
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True
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The potential for fraud and abuse would increase if family members were paid to provide care according to blaser, true or false?
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True
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Critics of paying family members to provide care do so for which of the following reasons? a. Family responsibility for caregiving would diminish. b. The quality of the caregiving experience for care recipient and caregiver would decrease. c. Public expenditures would increase. d. all of the above e. Family responsibility for caregiving would diminish and the quality of the caregiving experience for care recipient and caregiver would decrease.
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e, all of the above
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T or F: the national Cash and Counseling Demonstration and Evaluation project found large increases in the satisfaction of levels of consumers and caregivers who participated in consumer direct programs
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True
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T or F: Consumer directed demonstrations programs show better health and safely outcomes fewer caregivers arriving late of not at all and better care than in traditional service readings.
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True
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When a person can no longer manage to prevent harm to himself or others, legal intervention (i.e. "protective proceedings") may be sought and may include: guardianship conservatorship civil commitment all of the above guardianship and conservatorship
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guardianship, conesrvatorship, civil commitment (all of the above.)
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Parens patriae refers to which of the following powers? a. The state has the authority to prohibit individuals from injuring others or harming their property. b. The state has the authority to protect those who cannot protect themselves. c. That state has the authority to provide procedural safeguards to avoid wrongful imprisonment. d. all of the above e.The state has the authority to prohibit individuals from injuring others or harming their property and to protect those who cannot protect themselves.
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b. The state has the authority to protect those who cannot protect themselves.
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T or F: There who are generally no limits to the individual's right to exercise self-determination.
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FALSE
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Which of the following protective functions may result when health professionals assist caregivers in recognizing the limits of their own health, identifying supportive services, and sharing caregiving responsibilities among available family members? a.It may prevent elder abuse or neglect that might have been triggered by caregiver burden. b. It may protect the caregiver from mistreatment or abuse. c. It may assist professionals in balancing autonomy and beneficence. d. all of the above e, It may prevent elder abuse or neglect that might have been triggered by caregiver burden and it may protect the caregiver from mistreatment or abuse.
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a.It may prevent elder abuse or neglect that might have been triggered by caregiver burden.
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T or F: A competent patient may refuse interventions even if a health professional confirms that the patient is being mistreated
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true
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T or F: when health professionals treat families, they always know who the primary patient is and how to balance their professional obligations among various memebrs of the fam.
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FALSE
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The "least restrictive alternative" refers to which of the following? a. The promotion of self-governance; that is, being one's own person, without constraint by others or by psychological or physical limitations. b. What an older adult actually does to take care of daily living needs; includes consideration of past decision-making. c. Practitioners are ethically bound to craft individualized solutions that are least intrusive upon their client's freedom. d. all of the above e. none of the above
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c. Practitioners are ethically bound to craft individualized solutions that are least intrusive upon their client's freedom.
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T or F: Practitioners should not protect a clients autonomy to the extent that hey frail to amke action to protect an elder
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True
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T or F: Evaluation the competency of clients necessitates working with the characteristics of the individual older adult
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True
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Which of the following terms has been used to describe elderly patients who appear filthy and unkempt, whose homes are dirty and untidy, but who show no shame for their situation? a. Self-neglect Syndrome b. Senile Breakdown Syndrome c. Dilemma of Neglect Syndrome d. Diogenes Syndrome e. none of the above
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Diogenes Syndrome
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T or F: the fact that there are stereotypic causes of self neglect assist professionals in arriving at the simplistic solutions to a variety of situations
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False
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T or F: there is a clear cut psychopathology that explains the tendency ins some individuals to neglect themselves
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False
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Physicial assisted suicide is illegal in the us except in
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OREGON
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T or F: Pearlman and Starks aregue that health care providers can best serve patients by focusing on the single factor motivating them to see physician assited death
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false
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McKhann pregers to use __________dying to describe the eprson who wishes to die or asks for help
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physician assisted
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_____was the first state to pass a law permitting physician assisted dying
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Oregon
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According to Kass, which of the following reasons are used to support physician assisted death: a. The right to control one's body and life; freedom and autonomy. b. . When the patient's life is deemed no longer worth living, usually because of great pain, a terminal condition, an irreversible coma, advanced senility, or extreme degradation. c. . Once a patient is diagnosed with a terminal illness, the physician is no longer obligated to heal. d. . all of the above e. The right to control one's body and life; freedom and autonomy and when the patient's life is deemed no longer worth living, usually because of great pain, a terminal condition, an irreversible coma, advanced senility, or extreme degradation.
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e. the right to control ones body and life freedom autonomy, when the patients life is deemed no longer worth living usually bc of great pain, a terminal condition and irreversible coma advanced senility or extreme degradation
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T or F: Kass argues that defining catefories of "euthanazable" ppl is a faily easy and straghtforward task
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False
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T or F: Kass argues that form the health care providers perspective the duty to make whole and to heal can never be compatible with intentionally killing the patient
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True
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The "sex ratio" refers to which of the following? a.the differing social consequences of aging for men and women b. the statistical likelihood of women marrying men who are older than they are c. the proportion of women to men in the population d. the proportion of men to women in the population e. none of the above
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a. the proportion of men to women in the population
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The greater likelihood of poverty among women in old age is called: the feminization of poverty the sex ratio the crossover phenomenon the aging poverty phenomenon economic jeopardy
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The feminization of poverty
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Older people tend to have ______ wealth than younger people and ______ incomes compared to other adults in the U.S. a. more, higher b. more, lower c. less, higher d. older white men e. less, lower
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more, lower
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Which of the following is the largest source of income for people over age 65 in the U.S. today? a, earnings from employment b. Social Security c. private pensions d. asset income e, individual savings
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a, social security
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T or F. As people age they become increasingly alike
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False
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T or F: income tends to increase after retirement bc of the increasing value of home equity as proportion of assets
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false
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T or F: since the 1980s the income of older ppl in the Us has grown faster than the income of younger ppl
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True
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T or F: older americans have much higher levels of total wealth compared with younger ppl
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True
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Which of the following is an example of a "cohort"? a. people who were born in 1935 b. the World War II generation c. people aged 65+ d. all of the above e. people who were born in 1935 and the World War II generation
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e. ppl who were born in 1936 and WWII generation
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the term "tweeners refers to which of the following?" a, the cohort of people born between World Wars I and II b. the growing differential in poverty rates among young people compared to old people c. the distinction between the deserving and undeserving poor d. economically insecure elderly who are not poor enough to qualify for means-tested programs e. none of the above
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d. economically insecure elderly who are not poor enough to qualify for means-tested programs
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In recent years, poverty among the old has been ______, while poverty among young people has been ______. a.increasing, decreasing b. increasing, increasing c. decreasing, increasing d. decreasing, decreasing
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decreasing, increasing
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The dependency ration for children has increase/decreased since 1960 and the elderly dependency ratio has increased/decrease
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decreased/increased
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T or F according to the generational accounting method of analyzing generation equity the lifetime tax rate baby boomers is about 1/3 higher than that of their parents
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True
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When did Congress recognize that SS could no longer operate in the future as a purely pay as you go system
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1980s
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T or F SS was never intended o be the sole source of income for ppl in retirement
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True
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T or F even though SS benifits are derived from taxation they are subjected to taxation
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true
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Sicne the 1950s the average age or retirement has increased or decreased"?
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decreased
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which law forbade older workers from being limited or treated in anyway that would harm their employment possibilities
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age discrimination employment act of 1967
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T or F about half of the men and women over 65 are retired while the other half are working
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false
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T or F a standard 40 hour work week was established in Us in 1960
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False
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T or F older workers have less absenteeism, lower job turnover, and lower accident rate than younger workers
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True
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People of all ages were impacted by the expansion and availability of the Internet in 1990s. This is an example of what kind of effect?
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Period Effect
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The impact of aging on the Boomer cohort will be shaped by the following: a.Chronological aging effects. b. Period effects from the past. c.Period effects in the future. d. Sources of diversity, such as ethnicity, class, and gender. e. all of the above f. Chronological aging effects and period effects in the future.
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a.Chronological aging effects. b. Period effects from the past. c.Period effects in the future. d. Sources of diversity, such as ethnicity, class, and gender. e. all of the above
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T or F: The generation of the "Boomers" refers to people who were born in the United States between 1946 and 1964.
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True
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T or F Generation Jones is another name for the Boomers born btw 1946 and 1954
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FALSE
