GEO 1300 Don Greene Europe Exam – Flashcards
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The European geographic realm lies on the western flank of the-
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Eurasian landmass
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Though territorially small, Europe is heavily populated and fragmented into _____ states
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40
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European natural environments are highly varied, and Europe's resource base is-
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Rich and Diverse
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Europe's geographic diversity, cultural as well as physical, created strong______
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Local identities, specializations, and opportunities for trade and commerce
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What is the European Union
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A historic and unique effort to achieve multinational economic integration and political coordination
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Describe Europe's population
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highly urbanized, well educated, long life expectancy, aging rapidly
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What puts strain on the European social fabric?
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local demands for greater autonomy as well as cultural challenges posed by immigration
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What marks Europe's regional geography?
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East vs. West
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What are the effects of the Euro crisis?
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pose a threat to the EU, suggest that a single currency was introduced too soon for some members, some countries will either choose or be forced to exit the union
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What has always been a debate about Europe?
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It's boundaries
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Most of Eastern Europe is______
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a transition zone
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The climate of Europe is
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very diverse; east- humid temperate, west- humid cold
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European economies are dominated by
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Manufacturing
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Central Uplands
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Fertile Hills, Plateaus, Coal Fields
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Western Uplands
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Older than Alpines, lower elevation but not rugged
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alpine mountains
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Alps, Apennines, Pyrenees, permeable barrier
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Northern European Plain
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East-west unity, varied landscapes
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Why does Europe have a locational advantage
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it is at the crossroads of the land hemisphere which lets it have easy contact with the rest of the world
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Ancient Greece
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Time of great culture and politics Influenced Mesopotamia Rise of the city-state (Athens, Sparta) Rugged physiography contributed to failure to expand
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The _________ of Europe has favorably influenced certain areas, giving them a competitive advantage over other regions
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Geology
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Roman Aqueduct
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Example of infrastructure that makes a society function
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Why did the roman civilzation decline?
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reduced sunspot activity north atlantic oscillation (movement) climate extremes crop failures famine 1/3 of the population died
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Agricultural revolution
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Crop rotation (changing the types of crops grown in one area to protect the soil) use of animal manure expanded farm lands and polders Hinterland
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Industrial revolution
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water mill was a source of power coal production
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Political revolution
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changing government and boundaries Peace of Westphalia (beginning of state system) French Revolution (ended absolutist states) Rise of nation-states (culturally distinctive territory)
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important geographic properties of Europe
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areal functional specialization complementarity transferability intervening opportunity Transportation infrastructure
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Areal functional specialization
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the production of particular goods or services as a dominant activity of a particular location
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complementarity
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exists when two regions, through an exchange of raw materials and/or finished products, can specifically satisfy each other's demands
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Transferability
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The capacity to move a good from one place to another at a bearable cost; the ease with which a commodity may be transported
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intervening opportunity
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In trade or migration flows, the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
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Infrastructure
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The foundations of society (farms, factories, mines, hospitals, post offices etc.)
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Regional geography of Europe
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Western, British isles, northern, Mediterranean, eastern
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The united kingdom flag
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represents the unification of England and Scotland Christian vertical cross diagonal cross reps St. Andrew- the patron saint for Scotland
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4 broad units
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Central Uplands Alpine Mountains Western Uplands North European Lowland
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Europe has short distances but __________________
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large cultural differences
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What started the industrial revolution
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the invention of the steam engine by Scotsman James Watt
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Why did Britian have an advantage in the industrial revolution
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Because they controlled the flow of raw materials and held monopoly over products that were in demand globally
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What was the key to the city-state system
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The treaty/peace of Westphalia
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What ended the era of absolutist states
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the French Revolution
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nation-state
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a territorial state embodied by its culturally distinctive population
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nation
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a people with a single language, common history and similar ethnic background
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What is the lingua franca of Europe
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English- but there are many languages spoken
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Religion in Europe
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Catholics vs. Protestants
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New force in religion in Europe
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Islam
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3 of every 4 Europeans live in
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towns and cities (this is what it means by Europe being a highly urbanized region)
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Europe's population is_________
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shrinking- unlike the rest of the world's population
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immigration is _____
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rising in Europe- bringing in many cultures and religion (especially Islam)
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At the end of WW2 Europe was
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shattered
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This U.S. plan help give money to Europe to rebuild them after WW2
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The Marshall Plan
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one major step toward the union was-
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the single central bank and 1 single currency (the Euro)
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The Euro crisis
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have to use the Euro limits policy options (?)
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Four regions
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Western E, Northern E, Mediterranean E, Eastern E
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Which 2 Northern Europe countries' economies were affected by the global recession of 2007/8?
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Ireland and Iceland*, Spain, Portugal, Italy
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What is the EU status of all countries in Europe?
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Germany- EU + eurozone France- EU + eurozone Benelux- EU + eurozone Switzerland- not EU Austria- EU + eurozone Czech Republic- EU UK- EU Ireland- EU + eurozone Sweden- EU Norway- not EU Denmark- withdrew EU Finland- EU + eurozone Iceland- not EU Spain- EU + eurozone Portugal- EU + eurozone Italy- EU + eurozone Slovenia- EU + eurozone Croatia- EU + eurozone Greece- EU + eurozone Cyprus (Greek sector)- EU + eurozone Malta- EU + eurozone Balkans (Serbia, Bosnia/Herz, Macedonia, Albania)- not EU Poland- EU Hungary- EU Slovakia- EU + eurozone Estonia- EU + eurozone Latvia- EU + eurozone Lithuania- EU + eurozone Romania- EU Bulgaria- EU Ukraine- not EU Moldova- not EU Belarus- not EU
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Which country within Mediterranean Europe is the most populous, best connected to the European Core, economically most advanced, and charter member of the EU?
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Italy
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Which 3 countries are considered some of Europe's poorest countries?
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Macedonia and Albania and Bulgaria
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the 4 subregions of the UK
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England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland
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results of Industrial Revolution
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power loom (weaving industry) steam engine/engines (move locomotives) coal (fuel for iron smelters) ocean shipping
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EU vs NATO
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economic; political/security (led by US, includes Turkey)
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downside of euro
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reduced the freedom of member-states to formulate fiscal policies; cannot independently pursue monetary policies to promote exports or lower interest rates to stimulate economy
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Soviet response to creation of NATO
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Warsaw Pact
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East vs West Germany
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low income, Soviet governed (communist model), punitive rule/ high income, US authority, rehabilitation, Marshall Plan, Common Market, common EU borders, highest exports per capita in world
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Western Europe's power house and desirable trading partner
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Germany
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one of Europe's oldest democracies, current constitutional monarchy, 1/4 below sea level, conurbation
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Netherlands
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has a cultural fault line diving Flemish and French speakers, Brussels- French stand out, devolution
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Belgium
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head of state is Grand Duke, strongest EU support
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Luxembourg
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mountainous and landlocked but successful industry, world banking behemoth, speak German French Italian & Rhaeto-Romansch, Geneva- one of world's most internationalized cities, no wish to join the EU
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Switzerland
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Vienna (primate city) more centralized with EU expansion, speak German, domestic range of raw materials, low support for EU
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Austria
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Bohemian Basin surrounded by mountains- industrial hub Prague, part of European Core, transitioned from Central to Western Europe
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Czech Republic
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*all joined EU but no euro England- London: top tier world-city 1/7 UK pop, SE prosperous, NW once hearth of Ind Rev but deindustrializing, widening rich/poor gap Wales- refuge territory for Celtics, 50% speak Welsh, declined after Ind Rev, nationalist Scotland- decreasing importance in EU bc high-tech developments, fight for independence N Ireland- Brit Protestants vs Irish Rom Catholics (rising majority esp in capital)
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United Kingdom
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British independence, Celtic Tiger, highest econ growth rate in EU, service-based, crash during global recession
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Ireland
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finished products, small town manufacturing, energy poor- nuclear but decline bc risk
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Sweden
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fishing industry, oil, natural gas, one of world's richest countries
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Norway
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break-of-bulk bc shallow Baltic Sea, entrepôt, once ruled Greenland and Faroe Islands
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Denmark
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forests- wood exports, textiles, manufacturing
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Finland
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volcanoes and glaciers, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, mostly urban, seafood economy, withdrew EU consideration, fall at global recession
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Iceland
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17 subnational regions- Autonomous Communities, Catalan AC, north- higher GDP/ south- drought, decline from global recession
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Spain
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benefit from EU but still behind, farmlands/rural but rely on on exports for 50% food, suffered from global recession
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Portugal
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Charter member of EU, north- more prosperous, south- Mezzogiorno, Rome- transition zone/ Ancona Line, global recession, illegal immigrants from N Africa
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Italy
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hilly, homogeneous, productive econ
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Slovenia
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Adriatic coast- tourism, political sensitivities with neighbors
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Croatia
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birthplace of European civilization, great ancient civilization, scientists & philosophers, EU bailouts
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Greece
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5 islands, crossroads at center of Med Sea
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Malta
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uneasy relationship w muslims,
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Serbia
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broke off from Serbia, coast province
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Montenegro
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broke off from Serbia, south province
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Kosovo
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multicultural, landlocked, ethnic cleansing
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Bosnia & Herzog
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one of Europe's poorest countries, 2/3 Macedonian Slavs, landlocked and powerless, Greece won't recognize name bc Greek property
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Macedonia
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one of Europe's poorest countries, dominantly Muslim
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Albania
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growing econ, closest econ relations with Germany ever
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Poland
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irredentism, smooth post communist recovery
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Hungary
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smooth post communist recovery, econ downturn and political controversies- poor ethnic treatment
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Slovakia
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Finland counterpart, free-trade zone, entrepreneurship
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Estonia
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Germany UK and Sweden trade partners, little from Russia- oil and gas
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Latvia
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Kaliningrad outpost, NATO called for demilitarization but Russia refused
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Lithuania
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weak economy- not sufficient upgrade from Communism, bridge b/w central EU and SE corner
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Romania
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Balkan Mtns, one of Europe's poorest countries
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Bulgaria
