GEO 103 – Cordoba – Flashcards
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what is the geography?
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the study of environmental and human interactions
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What are the two main divisions of geography?
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human and physical
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describe the theory of plate tectonics
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-the lithosphere floats on top of the asthenosphere -how the earth is structured
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the crust of the earth
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lithosphere
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the area of magma-like material beneath the crust of the earth
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asthenosphere
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-two plates moving away from each other -magma like material finds its way to the surface and creates a new surface
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divergent plate boundaries
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-two plates and one goes underneath another one -called subduction process -this buckling affect creates mountain chains
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convergent boundaries
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-displacement -road or river as a boundary going to be driven apart
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transform plate boundaries
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how do mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys form?
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-mid-ocean ridge found in ocean floors -rift valleys found on land -both occur in divergent boundaries
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what are the two types of tectonic plates?
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-oceanic -continental
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what is pangea?
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super continent
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what is climate?
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average weather conditions over a period over a period of 30 years
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what is weather?
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current conditions
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list the factors that influencing climate
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-water -coast/inland -physcial terrain -global circulation
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suns rays, curvature of earth, diffusion of energy
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beam spreading
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bouncing back energy from clouds
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beam depletion
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how does the earth perform thermoregualtion?
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ocean and wind currents
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what is the intertropical convergence zone?
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the area of activity right along the equator whre most of the convective (uplift of warm air into the atmosphere) takes place
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what are hadley cells?
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air currents that dominant the tropical regions of the planet
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How do oceans impact our climate?
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-warm ocean currents bring heat and moisture -cold ocean currents bring cold air and no precipiatation
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What are like the geographic limits of Europe?
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eastern boundary is most ambiguous (western Russia is kind of like Europe)
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what type of climates do we find in Europe?
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-mediterranean -continental mid-latitude -marine-coastal -highlands
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What factors impact the European climate?
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-gulf stream (North Atlantic Drift): warm water current that starts in the gulf of mexico -the shape of Europe (lots of peninsulas; surrounded by water)
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What are the four major European Peninsulas?
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-scandinavian -italian -iberian -balkan
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What is the North Atlantic Drift Current? And how does impact the climate in Europe?
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-warm water current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico, travels between Florida and Cuba, travels up the eastern seaboard, and then shoots across the atlantic without this, much of Europe would be very cold
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what are the main factors that impact the climate in the Mediterranean Basin of Europe?
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-heat waves from the saharan desert during the summer months -cold air mass from the Central Plateaus of Europe during the winter months
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What are Katabatic winds? And provide two examples in Europe.
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-cold air mass from the Highlands -in france center of france to southern france; Balkan to coast of Italy
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What are heat waves?
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warm air mass
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low elevation (flat), major river valleys, densely populated
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european lowlands
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high elevation (hills and valleys), lots of forests and vegetation (especially in central Europe there is more moisture), in the Iberian peninsula (less moisture in the air)
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central plateaus
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southern Europe, lots of mountains, youngest geology in Europe, tourism is very important here
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apline system
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cold, oldest geology in Europe, vegetation varies (in the summer it's small and close to the ground, but there are some tundra forests), fjords due to glacier activity
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northwestern uplands
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what are fjords?
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flooded valleys that were carved by glaciers
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What is the difference between fjords and lochs?
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fjords are in the scandinavian region and lochs are in the British Isles
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What is a glacier?
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an accumulation of snow that crystalizied and turned into a block of ice
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What are the Polderlands? And where in Europe do we find them?
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-low-lying areas that were formerly under water (part of the ocean basin) -they were drained and had walls built around them to keep out the water -located in the Netherlands (Lowlands)
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how did the age of exploration help the future (i.e. 300 years later) the industrialization of Europe?
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-the funds brought back (precious minerals and metals) -these funded the industrialization of Europe
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Describe the three waves of industrialization
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-Great Britian (1st wave) in the 1850s - 1870s -Northwestern Europe (2nd wave) 1870s-1890s -Southern and Eastern Europe (3rd wave) 1914-1917 (end of WWI)
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What is the golden triangle?
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-the industrial core of Europe -London/England, Paris/France, Berlin/Germany
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How was the European Economy disrupted in the first half of the 20th century?
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-1st half: WWI, Great Depression, WWII -2nd Half: eastern Europe, cold war
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What is the marshall plan?
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economic aid package from the U.S. to Western European countries to rebuild their infrastructure after WWII
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what are centralizied/command economies?
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-economic system favored by soviet Union -very rigid, controlled, and regulated -everything dictated by government
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what is the European Union?
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a group of countries in Western Europe that came together to promote economic growth and peace
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What were the original goals of the European Union?
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-autonomy from U.S. -stop Germany and France from fighting -economic efficiency: removal of tariffs (tax) and quotas (limit,goal) (both are regulators of trade)
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What is difference between the European Union and the Euro Zone?
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-part of the union: do not have to use the currency -Euro Zone: the group of countries in the European Union that also use to Euro for their currency
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what regions of europe have the highest GDP per capita? Which have the lowest?
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-highest: Northern and Western Europe -lowest: Southen and Eastern Europe
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what is considered the economic core of Europe? What are some of its characteristics?
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-the golden triangle (north and central Europe) -highly urbanized, expensive, strong manufactoring and industrialized
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where is the new emerging European core?
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the southern crescent
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what has led to creation of this core?
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-less urbanization and expensive (less demand) -the high speed train connects this area with the rest of Europe
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what were the migrations flows to Western Europe between 1945 and 1972? And Why?
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-migrants from former colonies of Western European countries -easier to assimilate into the host culture -sharing same language, religion, and traditions -better economic opportunities
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what were the migrations flows to western Europe in the early 1990's? And Why?
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-collapse of the Soviet Union -migrants from Soviet territories, Russia, and eastern Europe -more stability and economic opportunity
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What are some of the current migration flows to Western Europe?
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migrants from Africa and Asia
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what is a demographic transition model?
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graph/model/theory that explains the relationship between population growth and the economy
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what are the four stages of the demographic transition model
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-early stages -later stages -middle
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high birth and death rates
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early stages
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high population; stable birth and death rates; lag in birth rate gives to plateau
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later stages
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growth period leads to stabilization; transitional period: population goes up
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middle
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what does the European demographic pyramid tells about the region's future ability to remain economically productive?
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-family sizes are getting smaller -age brackets describe the distribution of population -next generation is smaller, problems for the aging population -extra labor supply needed
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how does Europe's population growth rate compare to other regions in the world?
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very slow, the slowest in the world
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what is the Notting Hill Carnival?
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cultural event/celebration in London brought by the Caribbean Island people
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is russia a landlocked country?
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not exactly but it kind of is
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in what way can Russia be considered a landlocked country?
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-their main water outlets are frozen for most of the year -need for warm water ports
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what type of climates do we find in russia, central asia, and Caucus region?
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-continental mid-latitude mostly -some arid and polar
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what factors play a major role in determining the climate of this region?
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latitude and continentallity
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which is the dominant (covers the greatest area) climate biome of the region?
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continental mid-latitude
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what is a climate biome?
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geographic region defined by its climate where the plants and wildlife have adapted to those conditions
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Which is the dominant (covers the greatest area) climate biome of the region?
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taiga
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How does the vegetation changes in the region as we travel from north to south?
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-low, peaks, and goes low again -not enough sun in the north, lack of moisture in the south
