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ecology

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scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment

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conservation

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careful use of natural resources, preventing them from being lost/wasted and instead using them in a sustainable manner

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wildlife management

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deliberately manipulating wildlife populations, communities, habitats, and occasionally people to achieve a goal

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Aldo Leopold

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(1887-1948)ecologist and conservationist ahead of his times; believes wilderness is a resource; laid the philosophical foundations of management; "father of wildlife management"; wrote game management, advocated for habitat management, wrote Game Management and Sand County Almanac, chair of Department of Agricultural Economics at University of Wisconsin

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Leopold's land ethic

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lands are not simply there for economic use, nor is it solely an economic issue "Something is right when it preserves the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise."

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invasive species

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exotic species that joined an indigenous community; usually introduced advertently or inadvertently by humans

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relationship with wildlife and human ancestors

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humans living with wildlife on the same playing field, just like any other animal

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relationship with wildlife in early pre-history

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no need for wildlife management at this point in time

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relationship with wildlife during agricultural age

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domesticated animals/plants given protection persecution of wild species that threaten our favorites predator control, possible elimination of wild ancestors resulted habitat destruction for agriculture

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5 stages of wildlife management in North America

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1) limitless abundance (1600-1849) 2) gross exploitation (1849-1899) 3) reactionary protection (1900-1929) 4) game management (1930-1964) 5) environmentalism (1965-present day)

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era of limitless abundance

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(1600-1849) animals were abundant, limited wildlife problems, local hunting seasons, in Europe hunting was a privilege in US it was open to all, open season once Europeans arrived

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era of gross exploitation

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(1850-1899) problems: unrestricted market hunting (hunting massively for profit) plume hunting (bird feathers for hats), decimation of the bison and passenger pigeon conservation methods: game wardens, hunting licenses, bag limits

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era of reactionary protection

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(1900-1929) problems: drastic declines of game species and plume birds, widespread poaching conservation methods: federal protection, refuges, migratory birds protection

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era of game management

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(1930-1964) problems: lack of wildlife managers, declining habitats, bounties on predators conservation methods: emergence of wildlife management as profession, duck stamps, federal aid for wildlife

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era of environmentalism

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(1965-present) problems: rapid human population growth, habitat degradation, loss of biological diversity, pollution control conservation methods: endangered species protection, environmental protection

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1896 Supreme Court decision (Geer vs. Connecticut)

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wildlife belongs to the state, which should manage it for the public good

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Lacey Act

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(1900) limited importation and prohibited interstate commerce in wildlife; curbed market hunting between states

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Endangered Species Act

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(1973) single legislation with greatest impact on wildlife, provides conservation of threatened or endangered species and their habitats

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Pittman-Robertson Act

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(1937) tax on guns and ammunitions to fund wildlife management

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John Muir

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(1838-1922) naturalist, preservationist, founder of The Sierra Club, author (The Mountains of California)

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Gifford Pinchot

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(1865-1946) early advocate of conservation through wise use, first forest service director

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Ding Darling

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(1876-1962) founded National Wildlife Survey, appointed chief of Biological Survey, editorial cartoonist on mostly conservation issues

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E.O. Wilson

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(1929-present) biology professor, sociobiologist, expert author, advocate for biodiversity conservation

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Leopold's contributions to wildlife conservation

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1) became based on science 2) first generation of trained professionals 3) make connections among other conservation fields 4) holistic vision for wildlife conservation

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countdown to passenger pigeon extinction

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birds were tracked and killed year-round (including nesting season) telegraph and railroads increased over-exploitation last one shot in Indiana in 1902 last bird died in captivity in 1914

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7 components of the North American model

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1) wildlife is a public trust 2) no commercial harvesting of wildlife 3) democratic rule of law concerning wildlife 4) only "legitimate" uses of wildlife allowed 5) wildlife management as international resource 6) wildlife policy and management based on science 7) access to wildlife for all

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least knowledgeable groups on wildlife

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less than a high education, over 75 years old, less than 25 years old, African-Americans, residents of large cities

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naturalistic

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(attitude) interest and affection for wildlife/outdoors; direct contact with animals; animals context for activities

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ecologistic

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(attitude) interest in maintaining natural ecosystems; focus on species, populations, and habitats more than individual animals; concern for environment

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humanistic

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(attitude) interest in individual animals; anthropomorphic; concern for all animals

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moralistic

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(attitude) concern for animal welfare/rights; opposed to exploitation or cruelty

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utilitarian

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(attitude) practical and material value of wildlife for food, hides, medicine, labor, etc.

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dominionistic

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(attitude) interested in mastery and control over challenging animals; emphasis on prowess/skill in competition with animals

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scientistic

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(attitude) primary interest is the physical and biological attributes of animals; use them as a means to acquire knowledge; often view animals are inanimate objects

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aesthetic

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(attitude) interested in artistic/symbolic characteristics of animals; enjoy animals as an object of beauty

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negativistic

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(attitude) avoid animals out of dislike, fear, or indifference; view animals as nuisances that need to be controlled

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neutralistic

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(attitude) ambivalent about animals; not interested in learning/interacting with animals; no active engagement with them

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utilitarian value of animals

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value animals that are useful to us because they help us achieve our goals

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intrinsic value of animals

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value animals in their own right, regardless of usefulness

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utilitarian argument for managing wildlife

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managing wildlife is a means to help human goals

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ethical argument for managing wildlife

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we should manage wildlife because it's the right thing to do regardless of utility

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anthropocentric ethic

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species are resources that exist to benefit us; needs of people are paramount unethical to harm species if its loss negatively impacts humans beings

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stewardship ethic

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humans are responsible caretakers of wildlife (religious overtones) humans are the highest form of life and have responsibilities to care for other species

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biocentric ethic

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individuals should respect rights of other individuals reverence for life; human individuals are placed on par with individual wildlife (moral basis for animal rights)

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ecocentric ethic

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human species is coequal with other species and we shouldn't threaten others focuses on species rather than individuals; humans are coequal with all other species (we shouldn't threaten other species

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4 Cabinet-Level Agencies in wildlife management

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1) Department of the Interior 2) Department of Agriculture 3) Department of Commerce 4) Environmental Protection Agency

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US Fish and Wildlife Service

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manages National Wildlife Refuge systems coordinates endangered species program negotiates international agreements part of Dept. of Interior

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National Park Service

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responsible for research and management of wildlife on National Parks, National Monuments, National Seashores, wild and scenic rivers, etc part of Dept. of Interior

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Bureau of Land Management

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manages over 55% of public lands manages habitat, not species part of Dept. of Interior

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Bureau of Indian Affairs

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coordinates and assists tribes with natural resource and wildlife management part of Dept. of Interior

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National Fish and Wildlife Foundation

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semi-independent foundation that raises money from non-government sources part of Dept. of Interior

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US Forest Service

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manages National Forests and National Grasslands Focuses on use with timber production but keeping ecosystem management prominent part of Dept. of Agriculture

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Natural Resources Conservation Service

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works on soil and water conservation on private lands part of Dept. of Agriculture

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Animals and Plant Health Inspection Service

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took over wildlife pest control responsibilities part of Dept. of Agriculture

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Department of Commerce

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National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service (management of marine wildlife)

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Department of Defense

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manages 26 million acres of military lands, much of it wildlife habitat Army Corps of Engineers (waters, coastal wetlands, and other aquatic habitats)

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Conservation NGO

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private, non-profit organization guided by a clear mission related to wildlife raise their own funds to support a wide variety of conservation activities undertake direct conservation action that government cannot/will not do

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global efforts for wildlife conservation

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Migratory Bird Treaty (1918) Bonn Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979) International convention for the regulation of whaling (1946) International agreement on conservation of polar bears and their habitat (1973) Convention on wetlands of international importance (1971)

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characteristic of populations

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1) geographic distribution 2) dispersion patterns 3) population size and density 4) immigration and emigration 5) natality, mortality, and survival 6) age structure 7) survivorship curves

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native species

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found naturally in a place

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endemic species

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found only in a specific place

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exotic species

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brought to a place by human activities

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aggregated dispersion pattern

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(pattern) individuals in a population are clustered together (clumped)

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uniform dispersion pattern

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individuals spaced evenly throughout an area

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random dispersion pattern

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no apparent pattern

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population

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group of organisms of the same species in the same area at the same time

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community

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all organisms of all species in the same area at the same time

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ecosystem

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all organisms in an area and their physical (abiotic) environment

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ecological longevity

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age that most animals in wild populations die under natural conditions

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physical longevity

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genetically fixed max age for each species

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population density

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number of individuals per unit area

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population size

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number of individuals in a population

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survival

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proportion of individuals alive at one period that are still alive sometime after

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BIDE factors

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factors that estimate the population of an area 1) birth/natality 2) immigration 3) death/mortality 4) emigration

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survivorship curve 1

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(curve) greatest mortality risk occurs at old age ex: bison, humans

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survivorship curve 2

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(curve) greatest mortality risk is constant throughout life ex: birds

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survivorship curve 3

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(curve) greatest mortality risk occurs at young age ex: frogs

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r-selected species

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species that have rapid population growth and widely fluctuating numbers

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K-selected species

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species that have slow population growth and stable populations at carrying capacity

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species richness

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number of species in a community

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species composition

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the dimensions of a species' "role" in their wildlife community

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spacial scale

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the amount of space of where a community lives

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fragmentation

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subdivision of the remaining habitat into smaller, more isolated patched

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trophic structure

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primary producers (plants) primary consumers (herbivores) secondary consumers (carnivores) tertiary consumers (top predators)

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ecological succession

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the expansion and change of a habitat over time (usually accompanied with changes in species composition)

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factors of species richness

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1) species-area relationship (larger areas hold more species) 2) level of disturbance (moderate levels support more species) 3) complexity of habitat (diverse habitat lead to more species)

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species vulnerable to fragmentation

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1) area-sensitive species (wolves, bison) 2) isolation-sensitive species (turtles, salamanders) 3) edge-sensitive species (songbirds, orchids) 4) process-sensitive species (fire dependent species)

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density dependent factors

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factors that regulate population and increase in frequency or intensity as population increases

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density independent factors

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factors that do not regulate population, same change of occurring at any population density

F&W Ecology 110 Midterm #1 – Flashcards

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