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Advanced organizer

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A method for preparing students to read by providing prereading activities or information

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Analogies

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Using a known word, letter or chunk to problem solve an unknonwn word in text. Example: A student who knows hot to write "cat" and the letter "b" can use those to write "bat"

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Anticipation Guide

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These guides allow individuals to reflect on and express their opinions in relation to written statements about what they are reading taht challenge or confrim their beliefs. When a student gives an initial response they can disucss their response in small gorups. Then those gorups cna meet togehter so that students can have te benefit of the collective background knowledge of the large group

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Author's Chair

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This strategy provides a way to share with each other the excitement of a particular moment in relation to a book or to their own writing. The student in the "Author's Chair" reads aloud a selected piece of text or a piece of their own writing. Peers have an opportunity to respond to waht is read aloud

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Assessment

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The ongoing gatehring of information about students

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Auditory Discrimination

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The ability to hear differences in sounds

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Big Books

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Large books used to familiarize children with print concepts and provide positive book experiences

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Blending

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Combining the sounds represented by letters to pronounce a word. Example C-R-A-C-K= crack

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Book Talk

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A strategy for discussing books, either before they read or after students read to get them to think critically about waht they have read. Book talks can be lead by the librarian, the students or the teacher

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Choral Reading

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This is an interactive reading of the text, often poerty or songs, by a gorup of voices. Students must read a text repeatedly in order to decide how to prepare it for choral reading

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Cloze Test

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An informal technique for instruction or assessment in which students fill in omitted words from a passage. A fill in the gap procedure used to restore omitted text by using cues

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Comprehension

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The process of constructing meaning. Comprehension depends on reader's decoding abilities, prior knowledge, cultural and social background and their ongoing comprehension monitoring strategies

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Concepts about print

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Knowledge of how books and text work

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Context

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The use of words surrounding an unknown word to determine the unknown words meaning

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Cross-Checking

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The strategy of checking one or more cue sources with another while reading to verify accuracy

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Cueing Systems

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These are three of the language systems on which readers rely for cues as they seek meaning from a text:

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Graphophonoic

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based on letter-sound relationships and visual knowledge

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Semantic

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based on meaning

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Syntactic

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based on grammar

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Cues

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Sources of information in text-meaning, structure and visual

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Daily News

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A writing strategy in which the teacher models writing in front of students as she takes dictation from them about a specific event they are describing. Then students and teacher "work the text" to reinforce and practice skills they have learned or are learning. such as concepts about print, phonics elements and rules, punctuation, etc

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Decoding

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Analyzing words by identifying sound units

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Dialogue Journal

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These journals are written dialouge between the journal "owner" and a selected "partner". The partner responds to waht has been written by the owner. It is important that responses deal with what has been written adn not just the conventions of writing. Journal owner and partners can be students, teachers, parents teachers, etc

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Direct Instruction

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A strategy of teaching involving modeling, guided practice, and independent practice

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Directed Listening Thinking Activity (DLTA)

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A instructional and assessment strategy using listening, predicting, and confirming

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Directionality

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The left to right tracking of print while reading and the return sweep

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Double Entry Journal

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A note taking strategy to improve comprehension. This is a double entry record in which a student takes notes and adds reflections while reading any text. A two column format is used. Typically, the left column is used to record specific statements from a test taht are important to the reader in understanding the text. The right column is used to record responses and reactions to those statements

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Echo Reading

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This is a strategy in which a lead reader reads aloud a section of a text and a second reader's voice follows right after (or echoes) that which was first read

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Environmental Print

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Any print which is found in the physical environment such as street signs, billboards, labels, business signs, etc

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Expository Text

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A form of writing intended to set fourth or explain and which employs a wide variety of structures.

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Enumeration

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Listing the facts

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Time Order

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Puttin the facts or events into a sequence using references to time

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Comparison/Contrast

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Pointing out similarities and/or differences

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Cause/ Effect

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Showing how facts of events affect other facts or events

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Problem/Solution

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Showing the development of a problem and its solutions

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Formal Tests

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Assessments with very specific directions and conditions for testing typically standardized tests

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Frustration Level

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The level as which the reader has difficulty with word recognition and comprehends with less that 70% accuracy

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Genre

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A term used to classify literary works into categories, such as novel, mystery, historical fiction, biography, short story, poem, etc

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Guided Reading Books

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Test used for direct instruction of reading skills and strategies

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`High Frequency Words

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The words most commonly used in reading and writing. Examples: Can, See

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Independent Level

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The level at which the student can read and comprehend without the teacher

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Informal Reading Inventory (IRI)

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An informal assessment instrument in which a child reads from a graded passage and answers comprehension questions to determine independent, instructional and frustration reading levels

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Instructional Level

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The reading level at which the student is challenged but not frustrated; some teacher assisstance is needed

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Intervention

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The practice of coming between a student and possible failure to acquire literacy

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Invented/ Temporary Spelling

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Spelling using sound/symbol approximations

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Levels of Spelling

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Changes in spelling behaviors as student's knowledge of words, sound-symbol relationships and spelling patterns increase

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Little Books

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Small books used for direct instruction during Guided Reading. These books, containing while stories, vary in difficulty within developmental reading levels

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Literature Circle

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Students read a piece of literature and meet as a group to discuss it. The discussions are open ended and focus on bringing the literature and reader together. The group can begin by discussing reactions to the book, sharing favorite parts and raising questions about parts they did not understand or that surprised them. At the end of each session, the gorup decides waht they want to talk about the next time they meet; this gives students time to reread certain sections of the book and to think abou thte topic or questions

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Language Experience Approach (LEA)

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An integration of reading and writing approaches using students' experiences and words

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Mask

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A window like device used to islolate details of print, such as initial letters, endings, chunks or a whole word

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Magic-slate

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Reusable writing medium made of plastic overlay

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Meaning

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The overall meaning of the book, illustrations and the reader's previous knowledge and experience used as a cue during reading

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Magna-Doodle

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Reusable writing medium similar to an Etch-A-Sketch

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Metacognition

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This term refers to reflection on one's own thinking and learning processes. Students need to learn to evauluate their own decoding and comprehension, plan sequences of actions and regulate their reading behavior to adjust to changing conditions

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Mini-Lesson

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Direct teaching lesson on a specific topic or skills that some in the class seem to be ready for a "teachable moment". This direct instruction can also be confucted for the benefit of the students who need more info. or further clarification on a topic previously taught.

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Miscues

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Oral reading responses that are different from a written text

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Morphemic Units

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The smallest meaning unites of language: roots, prefixes, and suffixes

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Narrative

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A story form in which a sequence of events is recounted

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Norm Referenced Tests

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Standardized assessments intended to compare a student's performance with the performance of others

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One-To-One Correspondence

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Matching each written word to one spoken word during reading and writing

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Onset and Rime

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Theere are inter syllabic units that are smaller than wrods and syllable but larger than phonemes. The onset is the portion of the syllable that precedes the vowel (in the word black the onse is BL) The rime is the ack portion of black. Not all words have an onset but they do have a rime

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Rime

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The rime is the portion of the syllable including the vowels and any consonants that follow (ex meat -eat)

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Peer Editing

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A form of collaboration in learning in which students work together in editing a piece of writing

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Phonemic Awareness

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The understanding that speech is composed of a series of individual sounds

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Phonics

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Letter/sound correspondence

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Percentile Rank

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A person's relative position within a defined group

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Picture Walk

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In this instructional strategy the teacher guides the students through a text by looking at and discussing the pictures before reading the story. This helps students to focus on illustrations instead of text and gives them a reference point they can use when they actually read the story.

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Perceptual Process

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Processes related to obtaining information from sensory stimulation

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Potential Reading Level

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Possible as opposed to actual reading level. Often determined by listening comprehension assessment

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Pointer

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A stick like device used to draw attention to detials of print

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Polysyllabic

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This term refers to words containing more than one syllable

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Portfolio

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An authentic assessment tool consisting of a folder containing rubic scored student writings

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Prediction Guide

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An informal assessment strategy that determines whether a student uses background knowledge in making predictions

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Predictable Text

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This type of reading material supports the prediction of certain features of text and are especially valuable for readers who are not yet fluent or do not use effective reading strategies. Text is predictable when it enables students to quickly and easily predict what the author is going to say and how the author is going to say it based on their knowledge of the world and language. Can contain rhythmical, repetitive, or cumulative patterns, familiar story lines, familiar sequences, or a good match between illustrations and text

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Prereading Skills

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A term used before the recognition of emergent literacy to refer to the skills needed for beginning reading instruction

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Primary Language

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This is the first language a child learns to speak

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Quickwrite

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A writing activity that requires students to write nonstop for a prescribed amount of time, usually 5-10 minutes. Focused on one topic, generating as many ideas as possible. Can be used as prewriting or an opportunity for students to clarify their thoughts about a topic

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Qualitative Analysis

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Evaluation of the qualities or characteristics of miscues

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Quantative Analysis

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Evaluation of data that can be measured and described numerically to determine reading level

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Raw Score

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The actual number of items correctly answered on a test

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Readers Theatre

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Where readers act out, set a stage, rehearse lines, to highlight multiple interpretations of the texts

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Reading Response Log

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Response to texts that students read and students demonstrate their ability to synthesize adn interpret information from silent reading and oral discussion. it is also an opportunity for students to write their opinions or questions about what was read or discussed

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Reading Age

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A measure of the child reading achievement derived fby adding 5.2 to a grade equivalent score obtained from a reading achievement measure

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Reading Expectancy

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The grae level at which the student is expected to be reading based on mental age or IQ

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Reading Readiness

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A term used to reger to a child's preparation for beginning reading instruction

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Reciprocal Teaching

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A strategy designed to develop comprehension where students and teacehrs exchange roles in developing metacognitive strategies

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Remedial Readers

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Readers who have severe problems and perform considerably below their potential level

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Request Procedure

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A comprehension strategy where students generate questions about reading

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Running Records

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An observation and scripted record of a child's reading behavior used for instructional purposes

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Schema

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Building blocks of cognition in the mind

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Searching

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The strategy of looking for meaning, structure, and /or visual cues in text

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Segementation

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The oral division of words into individual sounds, for example elongating sounds in words without stopping between sounds l-o-o-k

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Semantic Cues

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Meaning based aids for understanding a word or phrase

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Scaffolding

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This term implies that what a student can do with help, the eventually can do on their own. To facilitate this, students work in partnership with a more experienced or advanced peer or adult. Partner scaffolds the task by engaging in appropriate instructional interactions designed to model or assist. Eventually they lead to independence

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Self Monitoring

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This is the ultimate goal of guided reading. Students learn to monitor their own reading behaviors and use appropriate strategies to effectively decode and comprehend a text

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Self-Correction

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The strategy of error correction during text reading

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Self-Extending System

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Occurs when literacy activities become self monitored, self corrected, and self managed using a cueing system of skills and strategies

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Sight Words or Sight Vocabulary

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Words that are automatically recalled on sight becuase theya re familiar to the reader

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Skills

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Distinct items of literacy knowledge

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Syllabication

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The division of a word into syllables

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Stages of Writing

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The eight stages of acquisition students use to understanding writing

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Strategies

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Literacy behaviors used to problem solve during reading and writing

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Structure

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The grammar and syntax of the language used as a cue during reading

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Structural Analysis

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The strategy of using morphemes to identify words and determine their meanings

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Syllabic Units

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Phonological segments of speech with a vowel or vowel like sound

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S.S.R.

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Silent sustained reading each student chooses a book or books to read for a designanted period of time (15-20 min)

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Story Map/Frame

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A graphic organizer of major events and ideas from a story to help guide students' thinking and heghten awareness of the structure of stories. The teacher can model this process by filling out a chart and going over story elements as a group

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Think Aloud

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Using this strategy the teacher models aloud for the students the thinking processes used when reading or writing. After creating an example, the teacher leads a discussion about how certain conclusions were reached about what was read or about how something was written

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Trade Book

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Quality literature

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Visual

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The printed text, letters, chunks, and words used as cues during reading

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Writer's Workshop

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A stable format for writing that balances instruction and modeling with an adequate time for composing, sharing, and publishing. A constant, sustained time for writing is set aside each day. Through modeled writing and discussion about it, students learn about the recursive nature of the writing process.

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Short Vowels

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Vowels you hear in the middle of a word; usually follow the VCV pattern

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R-Controlled

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Neither long nor short, this vowel sound depends on the R that follows it

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Vowel Diagraph

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Two vowels comibne to make a single sound

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Long Vowels

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Vowel sounds that are marked with a macron above the letter

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Onset

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The part of the syllable that comes before the vowel; also found in phonograms with rimes

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Vowels

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A, e , i, o, u and sometimes y and sometimes w

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Dipthong

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A vowel blend aka a whiner

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Consonant Blend

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Two or three consonants blended togehter in speech, yet each letter's phonemic contrubution can be detected

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Phonemic Awareness

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The understanding that language is made up of a pattern of sounds and these sounds repeat themselves

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Alphabetic Principle

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The concept that sounds have graphic representation

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Independent Level of Reading

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The level at which a reader has 95-100% accuaracy in word recognition

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Instructional Reading Level

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Level at which children read with 90-95% fluency

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Frustration Level

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Books taht are too difficult and child reads with less than 90% accuracy

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Emergent Reading Level

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Child has concepts of print and can read along with teh teacher using charts and big books

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Lifelong Reader

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Child reads for pleasure selecting age appropriate books and would rather read than watch tv

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Aesthetic Reading

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Reading for pleasure

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Basal Reader Program

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Reading textbooks that are leveled according to grade

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Concepts of Print

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Basic understanding about the way print works including the direction of print, spacing, punctuation, letters, and words

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Fluency

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Reading smoothly quickly and with expression

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Content Area Reading

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Reading in social studies, science, and other areas of the cirriculum

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Antonyms

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Words that mean the opposite

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Homonyms

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Worsd that are spelled alike but are pronounced differently

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Hyperbole

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A stylistic device involving obvious exaggerations

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Word Sort

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A word study activity in which children group words into categories

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Synonyms

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Words that mean nearly the same thing

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Anecdotal

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Teacher writes breif notes about each child and describes strategies that are observed

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DRA

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Carefully constructed diagnositc test which includes miscue analysis, comprehension questions and story retelling

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Rubric

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A scoring guide which may have dfferent levels describing the quality of the work

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Running Record

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An assessment which measures a child' fluency during oral reading

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Yopp-Singer

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A phonemic awareness test developed to measure the skill of segmentation

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Predicting

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A strategy in which children state waht htey think will happen in a story adn then read to verify their guesses

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Visualizing

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Children create mental images of what they are reading or writing

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Monitoring

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Children ask themselves questions whiel they are reading and writing to make sure the passage makes sense

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Summarizing

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Readers choose important ideas to remember

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Evaluating

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Studenst make judgements about, reflect on, and value the books theya reading and writing

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Semantics

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Vocabulary is the key component of this system

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Pragmatic

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The system deals with the social aspects of language use

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Syntactic System

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This system is the grammar that regulates how words are comibned into sentences

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Phonological System

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The sound system of english with approximately 44 sounds and more than 500 ways to spell the 44 sounds

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Background Knowledge

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Reader's knowledge about the topic

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Microprocesses

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Sentence level comprehension in which readers chunk ideas into phrases

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Elaborative Processes

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Readers organize and summarize ideas as they read

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Intergrative Processes

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Readers infer connections and relationships between clauses and sentences

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Folklore

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Stories that began hundreds of years ago and were passed down from storytellers before being written down

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Fantasy

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Sotries that could not really take place but must have some basis in reality

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Realistic Fiction

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Sotries that are lifelike and believeable without magic or supernatural powers

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Plot

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The sequence of events involving characters in conflict situations

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Readability Formula

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A method of estimating the difficult level of informational text

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Word Wall

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This display of high frequency words in a list of pocket chart for children to refer to

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Interactive Writing

answer

Children and teachers create a message and share the pen as they write the message

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Readers Theatre

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Students are actors and they read aloud from a script based on a story they are reading

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Graphic Organizer

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Weblike diagrams on single sheet of paper which main ideas and branches are drawn

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Anticipation Guide

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A list of statements about a topic taht children discuss before reading an informational book

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Rhyming Poetry

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The most common type of poetry, but difficult for children to write without sounding inane

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Free Verse

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Unrhymed poetry

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Narrative Verse

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Poems that tell a story

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Haiku

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A japanese poetic form that contains just 17 syllables arranged in 3 lines

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Onomatopoeia

answer

Words that sound like what they mean....buzz, bam, crash, neigh

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