Foresics – ch. 10 Serology – Flashcards
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Karl Landsteiner
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discovered that blood can be classified by its type
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T/F No two individuals, except for identical twins, can be expected to have the same combo of blood types or anigens
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True
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Plasma
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The fluid portion of unclotted blood. 55%
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serum
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The liquid that separates from the blood when a clot is formed
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red blood cells
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transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs
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anitigens
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chemical substances on the surface of red blood cells which impart blood type characteristics to the cells. A - has A antigen (anti-B antibodies) B - has B antigens (anti-A) AB - has both antigens (neither antibodies) O - has neither antigens (both antibodies)
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Type A individuals have _____ antigens on the surface of their red blood cells
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A
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Type O individuals have _____ antigens on their red blood cells
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neither A nor B
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The presence/absence of the ___ and ___ antigens on the red blood cells determines a person's blood type in the A-B-O system
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A & B
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Rh factor antigen
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also known as D antigen. determines if Rh positive or Rh negative - w/D antigen are Rh+ - w/o D antigen are Rh-
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antibodies
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proteins in serum which destroy or activate antigens
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an antibody reacts with (any, only a specific) antigen
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only a specific
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Agglutination
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describes the clumping together of red blood cells by the action of an antibody - each antibody can be attached to antigens located on two different RBCs - agglutination occurs when foreign serum added to blood that contains antibodies against the serum's RBCs
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Type B blood contains___ antigens and anti-___ antibodies
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B & A
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Type AB blood has _____ antigens
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neither anti-A nor anti-B antigens
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A drug-protein complex can be injected into an animal to form a specific ____ for that drug
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antibody
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serology
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describes the study of antigen-antibody reactions
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Type AB blood is agglutinated by what serum?
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both anti-A and anti-B
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Type B red blood cells agglutinate when added to type (A,B) blood.
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A
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Type A red blood cells agglutinate when added to type (AB, O) blood
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O
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EMIT
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Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique - used to detect the presence of minute quantities of blood and urine
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distribution of blood types across US?
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O-43%, A-42%, B-12%, AB -3%
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Benzidine color test
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for many years, the most common color test for identifying blood
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luminol
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reagent reacts with blood, causing it to luminesce
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Precipitin test
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determines if blood is of human (or animal) orgin - antibody that reacts w/corresponding antigen to form a solid - use antibodies that specifically react with human antigens - human antibodies will react specifically with antibodies to form a cloudy ring or band.
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Antigens and antibodies (can/cannot) be induced to move toward each other under the influence of an electrical field
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can
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Monoclonal and Polyclonal antibodies
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M - antibodies designed to interact with a specific antigen site are monoclonal P - series of antibodies produced responding to a variety of diff't sites on the antigen
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Hybridoma cells
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used to produce antigens designed to attack one and only one site on an antibody
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gene
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-the basic unit of heredity -they are positioned on threadlike bodies called chromosomes
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all nucleated cells in the human body, except the reproductive cells, have ___ PAIRS of chromosomes
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23
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The sex of an offspring is always determined by the (father/mother)
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father
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allels
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genes that influence a given characteristic and are aligned with one another on a chromosome pair
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homozygus
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refers to a pair of allel genes that are identical
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Phenotype
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an observable characteristic of an individual
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Genotype
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the combination of genes present in the cells of an individual
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genotype possibilities for blood types
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A - could be AA or AO B - could be BB or BO AB - must be AB O - must be OO
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A type AB mother and a type AB father will have offspring of what possible genotypes
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AA, AB, BB
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A type AB mother and a type AB father will have offspring of what possible phenotypes
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A, AB, B
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acid phosphatase
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color test used to locate and characterize seminal stains
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Spermatoza
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used to unequivocally identify semen (observed in microscope)
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Oligospermia
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condition of males with low sperm count
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prostrate specific antigen (p30)
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the protein that is unique to seminal plasma
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T/F DNA may be transported through a medium of perspiration
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True
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date discovered failure of blood transfusions due to diff't blood types
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1901
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date Rh factor discovered
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1937
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how many blood factors known now?
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more than 1000
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date of CODIS
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Combined DNA Index System 1998
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Blood
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made up of mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances
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Solid portion of blood suspended in liquid(plasma)
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red blood cells white blood cells platelets
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Blood clot remnants
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contain red blood cells held together by fibrin and serum (yellowish liquid)
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Immunoassay Techniques
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- detect drugs in blood/urine - produced by using animals (rabbits) - add antibodies to urine sample, any drug present combines with antibodies present -chemically labeled drug added to sample, any unreacted antibodies will interact w/cldrug, quantity of cldrug can then be measured - often used for marijuana urine testing - can be positive up to ten days after use
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Kastle-Meyer Test
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uses phenolphthalein and turns pink
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Gel Diffusion
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- antibodies and antigens will diffuse or move toward one another or away from one another on an agar-coated plate -2 separate wells - line of clear solids will form when antigen and antibodies meet - can add electrical current as well - electrophoretic method
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Blood Markers
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-other inheritable factors present in blood besides blood groups
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enzymes
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type of protein that has specific function -some exist in diff't forms due to genetics:polymorphic - individual enzymes: isozymes
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Zygote
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when sperm and egg combine to form new cell - inheritance comes from each parent - father biologically determines the sex of child
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locus
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location of gene on a chromosome clip
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how many milliliters of seminal fluid released? each contains how many sperm?
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- 2.5-6 milliliters - 100 million or more sperm
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Blood Spatter Analysis formula
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SinA = w/l ex/ 2.4 cm width, 17 cm length 2.4/17 = .141 -> SinA = 8.12 angle
