Food and Culture Test 1 – Flashcards
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What is the fastest growing ethnic group in the US?
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Latinos
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What is the definition of culture?
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Values, beliefs, attitudes and practices accepted by members of a group or community
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The multiplicity of ways in which humans use food is termed....
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food habits, food culture of foodways
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The need for humans to experiment with food choices but at the same time be conservative is called...
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The Omnivore's paradox
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The process of handing down manners and understandings in common to a culture from one generation to the next is a good definition of...
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enculturation
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Children learn food preferences from trusted or valued others. Who has the least long lasting influence?
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Parents
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Culturally specific preferences become apparent around what age?
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between 3-6 years of age
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Rules regarding who can dine together are called....
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commensalism
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Following the flavor principles model, herbs and spice....
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to help palatability, disguise spoiled meats and produce physiological responses.
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Cultural membership or social identity is defined by
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acculturation
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According to the Consumer Food Choice Model, what factors influence food selection?
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taste and convenience
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Complex rules that define how humans eat meals are called....
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manners
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Examples of incorporation of food associations
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Rare meat to build muscles, walnuts to improve brain function, insects as a protein source.
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Symbolic use of bread might mean....
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association with a religious value, status
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Foods that satisfy the basic need for food familiarity eaten during personal events or times of stress are called
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comfort foods
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An example of renaming a food in order to assert a new cultural identity is
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freedom fries
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As peoples become acculturated, which habits are likely to be the last to change?
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food habits
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According to the Core and Complementary Foods Model, foods that are eaten sporadically and are an indicator of individual food preference are:
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peripheral foods
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Two main protein foods eaten by Greeks virtually daily include lamb and legumes. These would be examples of
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core foods
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Changes in food behavior happen most often with
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peripheral foods
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The soil, texture, minerals, drainage, source of water, temperature etc. in which grapes are grown is called:
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terroir
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Garam masala is a distinct flavor principle associated with which ethnicity
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Asian indian
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The term that describes eating more food than is customarily consumed daily for religious or other special events is:
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feasting
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The most universal of food taboos is:
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cannibalism
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One classification system used to categorize foods is "edible" versus "inedible." In this classification, to a Hindu vegetarian, beef would be considered
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inedible
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Food choices in all societies are driven by an inborn preference for what food flavors
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sugar and fat
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the primary factor in consumer food choice is
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taste
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What term describes an area where no single ethnic group is the majority
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cultural plurality
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When a smaller group, a minority group, moves into a larger, dominant culture, the process in which the minority group fully assumes the manners and values of the majority is called
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acculturation
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If I believe that my culture/group has the "right and normal" way of eating, and all the other cultures that I read about eat "weird" food, my views are
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ethnocentric
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Studies on type 2 diabetes suggest that which ethnicity has the lowest rates (although they are still increasing)?
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Whites
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A term used to describe overestimation of the association between group membership and individual behavior, often seen as a pitfall in health care relationships, is:
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stereotyping
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A term used to describe the idea that foods from throughout the world are available and often affordable, although there is a need for consistency and conservatism, is:
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American paradox
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the integration of local, regional, and national phenomena into an unrestricted worldwide organization is:
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globalization
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transition of a society from producers of indigenous foods to consumers of mass-produced foods is called:
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consumerization
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when does biculturalization happen
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when the new majority culture is seen as complementing rather than competing with an individual's ethnicity.
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Why is acculturation described as a process? When is the process complete
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process is complete when assimilation occurs, when one sheds their ethnical identity and fully merges into the majority culture.
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what is commenialism
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who can dine together, class relationships
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5 categories of edible and inedible food
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1. inedible foods - taboo foods. (animals who died from disease. 2. Edible by animals, but not by me - rodents 3. Edible by humans but not by my kind - dog meat (acceptable in asia, not in the us) 4. Edible by humans, but not by me - Ok with cultural group but not me because of preference, health reasons, etc.. 5. edible by me
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Give a specific example that reflects a health disparity associated with an ethnicity in the United States today.
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gap between white and black infant deaths - 6.9 per 1000 live births vs 14.1 per 1000
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In a multicultural society, approximately what percent of sickness is managed outside the biomedical system?
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70 to 90%
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When a health care provider imposes their beliefs, practices and values on a patient from another culture, what is this termed?
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cultural imposition
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expression of emotion through bodily complaints is called
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somatization
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A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease defines what term?
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health
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Categorizing foods into "hot" and "cold" categories is a system used in a variety of cultures. Cultural groups we have studied that use this system include those of
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the middle east, parts of latin america
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Sympathetic medicine and sympathetic magic use the word sympathetic to mean
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items that have characteristics similar to human body parts or organs
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What are the most common type(s) of alternative therapeutic substances?
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Biomedical pharmaceuticals and diet prescriptions
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Aiding the body to heal itself through non-invasive natural treatments is done in what type of medicine?
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Naturopathy
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What act defines dietary supplements as separate from food and drugs?
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DSHEA
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The consecutive or concurrent use of multiple health care systems is called
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medical pluralism
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Approximately how much do Americans currently spend on complementary and alternative medicine annually?
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40 billion
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The ancient Asian Indian system of healing is called
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Ayurvedic medicine
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Which cultural group is an example of one that believes family should be involved in all health care decisions?
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Middle easterners
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the number of elders in the US is expect to double by what year?
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2050
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What type of medicine uses pulses associated with internal organs, each with its own characteristics?
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Chinese medicine
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hot and cold classifications
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air-cold, earth-dry, fire-hot, water-moist
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What term is used for the entire disease-illness process?
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sickness
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causes of disease as explained in the biomedical culture
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1. immediate causes (toxins, infection, injury) 2. underlying causes (smoking, high cholesterol) 3. ultimate causes (heredity, environmental stress)
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an example of sickness due to the patient
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heart disease from eating fatty foods
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The use of astrology for determining the health status of a person would be an example of what type of thinking?
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sickness due to the natural world
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Many botanical remedies are derived from plants and herbs. In general, the more comprehensive term botanical would include
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all therapeutic parts of the plant
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To relieve yin (too much cold), a small burning bundle of herbs is used to restore balance of energy. What is this procedure called?
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moxibustion
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what is cultural imposition
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a tendency for health personnel to impose their beliefs, practices and values upon another culture because they believe their views are superior.
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What characteristics represent the "tip of the iceberg" in the iceberg analogy used to describe communication?
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race, gender, nationality, age
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What does the term action chain refer to?
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one phrase or action leads to another
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What are the two components of a message?
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content and relationship
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Messages that demonstrate respect for the individuality of the receiver are called
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personal messages
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Disrespectful and often degrade relationshipss
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object messages
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low context cultures
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information in a logical, linear sequence, explicit, straightforward, unambiguous, focus on speaker, often miss nonverbal cues, individualism ex. Swiss, Germans, Scandinavians, Americans.
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high context cultures
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meaning is in the context, not words, feelings prominent in the conversation, reading between the lines, misunderstandings easily occur, nonverbal communication, group association ex. Asian, middle eastern, native americans
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What does polychronistic refer to?
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multitasking
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Approximately how many different nonverbal gestures have been identified?
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7000
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What is the abrazo, a common greeting for Latinos?
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a hug with back patting
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In what culture is direct eye contact an expression of sexual interest or aggression?
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Filipino
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what is a "phantom food"?
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foods not actually consumed
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4 stages of intercultural communication awareness
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1. unconscious incompetence - speaker misunderstands, doesn't know it 2. conscious incompetence - aware of misunderstanding but doesn't correct 3. conscious competence - considers own cultural characteristics and modifies as necessary 4. unconscious competence - skilled in intercultural communication, no longer thinks about it
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what does CRASH stand for?
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Culture, respect, assess/affirm, sensitive, humility
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In Japan, what is the surname given to a married woman?
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san
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What title of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 guaranteed equal access to health care services regardless of national origin?
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Title VI
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What translation technique requires that instructions are repeated back to the clinician?
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back interpretation
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interpreter vs. translator
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verbal, written
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The method of confirming congruence between data collected on the target audience and proposed program goals and objectives is called what?
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triangulation
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how many people in the us have poor language skills
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14 million
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Television, video, computers, radios and magazines used on target audiences are all forms of what types of channels?
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influence
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what are the 4 P's of the marketing mix?
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product, price, placement and promotion
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what type of evaluation keeps track of progress throughout the educational program
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process
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The most effective presentation of a message requires a combination of pictures, sounds, and words in the...
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broadcast and print media