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The goal of science is to investigate and understand the natural world, to explain events in the natural world, and to use those explanations to make useful predictions.

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What does science study?

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Whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time. All other variables should be kept unchanged, or controlled

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Why is Redi's experiment on spontaneous generation considered a controlled experiment?

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In science, the word theory applies to a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

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How does a scientific theory compare with a scientific hypothesis?

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Living things are made up of units called cells. Living things reproduce. Living things are based on a universal genetic code. Living things grow and develop. Living things obtain and use materials and energy. Living things respond to their environment. Living things maintain a stable internal environment. Taken as a group, living things change over time.

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Describe five characteristics of living things.

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Some of the levels at which life can be studied include molecules, cells, organisms, populations of a single kind of organism, communities of different organisms in an area, and the biosphere. At all these levels, smaller living systems are found within larger systems.

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What topics might biologists study at the community level of organization?

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Most scientists use the metric system when collecting data and performing

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Why do scientists use a common system of measurement?

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Light microscopes produce magnified images by focusing visible light rays. Electron microscopes produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons.

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What is the difference in the way light microscopes and electron microscopes produce images?

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he subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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Describe the structure of an atom

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Because they have the same number of electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties.

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Why do all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties? In what way do isotopes of an element differ?

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ionic bonds ( i don't want it) transfers electrons covalent bonds (co pilot SHARES the job) shares electrons

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what are ionic and covalent bonds?

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A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms

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Use the structure of a water molecule to explain why it is polar.

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Acidic solutions contain higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values below 7. Basic, or alkaline, solutions contain lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values above 7.

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Compare acidic and basic solutions in terms of their H+ ion and OH− ion concentrations.

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Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

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Name four groups of organic compounds found in living things.

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hemical reactions always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products.

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What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?

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Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.

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Describe the role of energy in chemical reactions.

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Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.

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What are enzymes, and how are they important to living things?

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species, populations, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

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List the six different levels of organization that ecologists study, in order from smallest to largest

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Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth. Some types of organisms rely on the energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds.

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What are the two main forms of energy that power living systems?

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nergy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers).

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Briefly describe the flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.

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Only about 10 percent of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.

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What proportion of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem?

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Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. Like water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.

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Why do living organisms need nutrients?

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Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and a few other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth's temperature range

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What is the greenhouse effect?

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As a result of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has three main climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical.

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Describe Earth's three main climate zones.

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Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives.

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What is the difference between a biotic factor and an abiotic factor?

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Community interactions, such as competition, predation, and various forms of symbiosis, can powerfully affect an ecosystem.

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Name three types of community interactions that can affect an ecosystem.

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primary succession is where no soil exists secondary succesion is where a community is destroyed but the soil is not

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What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession?

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The world's major biomes include tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, tropical savanna, desert, temperate grassland, temperate woodland and shrubland, temperate forest, northwestern coniferous forest, boreal forest, and tundra. Each of these biomes is defined by a unique set of abiotic factors—particularly climate—and a characteristic assemblage of plants and animals.

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List the major biomes, and give one characteristic feature of each.

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Aquatic ecosystems are determined primarily by the depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of the overlying water.

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List three characteristics that determine the structure of aquatic ecosystems.

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Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into two main types: flowing-water ecosystems and standing-water ecosystems.

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Compare standing-water ecosystems to flowing-water ecosystems. How are they alike? How are they different?

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In addition to the division between the photic and aphotic zones, marine biologists divide the ocean into zones based on the depth and distance from shore: the intertidal zone, the coastal ocean, and the open ocean.

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List six distinct ecological zones that can be found in the ocean. Give two abiotic factors for each zone

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Three important characteristics of a population are its geographic distribution, density, and growth rate.

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List three characteristics that are used to describe a population.

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Three factors can affect population size: the number of births, the number of deaths, and the number of individuals that enter or leave the population

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What factors can change a population's size?

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exponential growth: growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate logistic growth:growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth

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What is the difference between exponential growth and logistic growth?

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DD factor:competition, predation, parasitism, and disease. DI factor: Unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, and certain human activities

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List three density-dependent factors and three density-independent factors that can limit the growth of a population.

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Like the populations of many other living organisms, the size of the human population tends to increase with time.

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Describe the general trend of human population growth that has occurred over time.

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Birthrates, death rates, and the age structure of a population help predict why some countries have high growth rates while other countries grow more slowly.

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What factors explain why populations in different countries grow at different rates?

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Among human activities that affect the biosphere are hunting and gathering, agriculture, industry, and urban development.

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List three types of human activities that can affect the biosphere. For each activity, give one environmental cost and one benefit.

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Environmental goods and services may be classified as either renewable or nonrenewable.

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What is the difference between a renewable and a nonrenewable resource?

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Biodiversity is one of Earth's greatest natural resources. Species of many kinds have provided us with foods, industrial products, and medicines—including painkillers, antibiotics, heart drugs, antidepressants, and anticancer drugs.

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Why is biodiversity worth preserving?

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Human activity can reduce biodiversity by altering habitats, hunting species to extinction, introducing toxic compounds into food webs, and introducing foreign species to new environments.

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List four activities that can threaten biodiversity

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Researchers are gathering data to monitor and evaluate the effects of human activities on important systems in the biosphere. Two of these systems are the ozone layer high in the atmosphere and the global climate system.

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What are two major global changes affecting the biosphere today?

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The cell theory states: All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. New cells are produced from existing cells.

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What three statements describe the cell theory?

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Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus.

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What are the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

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The endoplasmic reticulum is the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. The function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.Mitochondria are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

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Describe the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplast, and mitochondrion.

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The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.

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Describe the functions of the cell membrane and cell wall.

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Because diffusion depends upon random particle movements, substances diffuse across membranes without requiring the cell to use energy

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What happens during diffusion?

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Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

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Describe how water moves during osmosis.

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Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks.

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In what kinds of organisms is cell specialization a characteristic?

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The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are individual cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

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List the levels of biological organization in multicellular organisms from most simple to most complex.

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THE SUN

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What is the ultimate source of energy for plants?

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The characteristics of ATP make it exceptionally useful as the basic energy source of all cells.

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What is ATP and what is its role in the cell?

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photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen.

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Describe the process of photosynthesis, including the reactants and products

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In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll, a molecule in chloroplasts.

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Why are light and chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis?

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he light-dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.

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Summarize the light-dependent reactions

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The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars.

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What reactions make up the Calvin cycle?

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Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

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Describe the process of cellular respiration.

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Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.

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What are the products of glycolysis?

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two main types of fermentation are alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

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Name the two main types of fermentation.

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During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

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What happens to pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle?

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The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

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How does the electron transport chain use the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle?

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The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, the cell has more trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.

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Give two reasons why cells divide

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G1 phase & G2 phase

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Name the main events of the cell cycle.

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Biologists divide the events of mitosis into four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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Describe what happens during each of the four phases of mitosis.

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Cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.

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What chemicals regulate the cell cycle? How do they work?

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Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells.

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What happens when cells do not respond to the signals that normally regulate their growth?

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