Final test History 1500 - Flashcards

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The invention of the printing press in Europe increased the volume and rapidity of communication, thereby:

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making it more difficult to censor problematic or dissenting opinions.

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The printing press was a tool of European monarchs because:

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it enabled the widespread circulation of propaganda.

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Renaissance Neoplatonists sought to combine classical Platonic thought with:

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ancient mysticism and mainstream Christianity.

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Marsilio Ficino taught that human beings are capable of attaining their own salvation:

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by understanding the separation of their souls from their bodies.

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Plato's works were translated from Greek into Latin by:

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Marsilio Ficino.

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Unlike most other Italian intellectuals of his age, Niccolò Machiavelli was:

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a truly original thinker about politics.

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Machiavelli admired Cesare Borgia for his:

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ruthlessness and shrewdness.

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According to Machiavelli, the ideal form of government was a(n):

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republic modeled on the Roman example.

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Machiavelli advocated for tyrants like Cesare Borgia to take control of Italy because:

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he believed that sixteenth-century Italy was so chaotic that it needed strong dictators to lead it into a more settled state favorable to self-governance.

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The retelling of the Song of Roland in fifteenth-century Italy differed from the original by its:

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lack of any suggestion of heroic idealism.

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In contrast to the civic humanists, Castiglione's Courtier stressed as the hallmark of true nobility:

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an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court.

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Castiglione's description of the "Renaissance man" as accomplished, witty, cultured, and stylish was:

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a rejection of the older Renaissance ideal of education in the classics for the purpose of creating virtuous citizens.

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Italian painters of the fifteenth century mastered:

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the use of vanishing perspective to depict three dimensions.

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Italian artists of the Renaissance experimented with all of the following techniques EXCEPT:

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brass rubbing.

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In the fifteenth century, the majority of the great painters were from:

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Florence.

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The great painters of Florence improved upon techniques developed by:

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Masaccio.

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Although Leonardo da Vinci was born in Florence, he ended his career in:

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France, under the patronage of the French king.

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Leonardo da Vinci's basic approach to painting was to:

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imitate nature as closely as possible.

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Leonardo da Vinci's paintings sometimes display a keen understanding of human psychology by presenting their subjects as:

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experiencing multiple emotions at the same time.

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Although Venetian artists copied techniques used in Florence, Venetian paintings differed from those produced in Florence because they:

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did not generally include philosophical or religious allegories.

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Raphael's School of Athens is of interest in part because:

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many of Raphael's contemporaries are used as models for the various philosophers.

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For Michelangelo, the central feature of Renaissance humanism was:

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the drive to understand an embodied, masculine mind.

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Sculpture during the Renaissance broke with the recent past in that statuary:

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now became freestanding figures "in the round."

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Michelangelo's painting and sculpture both became_________ as the artist aged.

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less idealized

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Renaissance architecture emphasized the importance of:

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geometrical proportions.

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All of the following are reasons why the ideals of the Italian Renaissance were slow to impact northern Europe EXCEPT that:

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few people traveled between Italy and northern Europe before the turn of the sixteenth century.

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One important difference between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance that followed was the northern:

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interest in traditional Christian wisdom over classical virtues.

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Erasmus wrote works of all the following types EXCEPT:

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treatises of scholastic theology.

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As a textual scholar, Erasmus's crowning achievement was his:

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commentary on the works of Cicero.

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Thomas More's Utopia was a(n):

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devastating critique of contemporary culture.

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Albrecht Dürer was the first northern European artist to master:

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Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion and perspective.

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The ars nova introduced _________ lyrics and music into the liturgy of the Mass during the Renaissance.

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polyphonic

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After the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Charles VIII attempted to expand his territory even further by invading _________ in 1494.

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northern Italy

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Ivan the Great gave further substance to the idea that Muscovy was the heir to Rome after the fall of Constantinople by:

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marrying the niece of the last Byzantine emperor.

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After the Council of Constance, the papacy entered into a series of agreements with national monarchies called concordats. The result of these concordats was:

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the granting of extensive authority to monarchs over the churches in their domain.

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The most important factor in the rise of Spain as a major European power was the:

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unification of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile.

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One result of the "Reconquista" was to end the Spanish convivencia, which was the:

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relative harmonious coexistence of different religious and ethnic groups in Spain since 750 C.E.

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The last Muslim territory to fall in Spain was:

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Granada in 1492.

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Ferdinand and Isabella's decision to sponsor Columbus's voyage was spurred by:

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a desire to counter successful Portuguese exploratory and commercial ventures.

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In their voyages along the west coast of Africa, the Portuguese were initially in search of:

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gold.

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Portugal came to dominate the Far East spice trade by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

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blockading the Strait of Gibraltar.

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Beginning in the 1440s, design changes in Portuguese caravels allowed them to:

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sail with two masts and faster, triangular sails.

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In the long history of slavery in Western civilization, the basic patterns of slavery were not racialized (in other words, directly related to ethnicity or skin color) until:

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Lisbon became a significant market for enslaved Africans in the middle of the fifteenth century.

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Although only 1 out of 5 ships and 18 out of 265 sailors returned from Magellan's voyage, it proved that:

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the world was too large for a western sea route to Asia to be economically feasible.

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Hernán Cortés was aided in his conquest of the Aztec empire by all of the following EXCEPT:

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the European rifles he had brought with him.

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The Spanish modeled their Caribbean sugar plantations worked by enslaved African laborers on:

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Portuguese sugar plantations on the Cape Verde Islands.

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In economic terms, New World colonization and plunder had the greatest positive effect on the:

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Spanish.

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The most lucrative export of the Spanish colonies in Central and South America was:

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silver.

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The massive influx of silver from New World Spanish colonies resulted in:

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massive inflation.

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Within a century of the Europeans' arrival in Central America, the native population there declined by as much as:

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90 percent.

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In the year 1500, the social and economic prospects of Europe were:

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on the rise, spurred by commercial expansion, increasing population, and strong governments.

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The term Protestant means:

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dissenting.

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Theologically, Martin Luther was a follower of:

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Saint Augustine of Hippo.

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As a young monk, Luther:

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was fearful that he could never do enough good deeds to deserve salvation.

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Luther was a professor of theology at:

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Wittenberg.

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Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith" meant that:

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humans are only made worthy of salvation by their faith in God.

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Luther believed that people were saved by:

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God's grace alone.

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Luther believed that works of piety and charity were:

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visible signs of each person's invisible spiritual state.

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The Church taught that indulgences worked to reduce the penance that the individual owed to God:

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by the special blessing from the pope paid for by the indulgence.

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Luther was driven to post his Ninety-five Theses by:

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the sale of indulgences in his region, which promised less time in purgatory.

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Luther's Ninety-five Theses objected primarily to the:

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sale of church offices by the papacy.

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Luther's doctrine of the "priesthood of all believers" argued that:

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whatever the majority of Christians believed should become Church doctrine.

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Luther's religious reforms included all of the following EXCEPT:

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reducing the number of sacraments from seven to two.

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Luther believed that priests could marry because:

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Jesus had been married.

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One reason why Luther was able to win great public support for his position was the introduction of:

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additional feast days into the religious calendar.

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Although Luther's disputes with the Church generally dealt with matters of doctrine, he also had disputes with the papacy itself over:

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the pope's process for choosing bishops within the Germanic states.

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Many graduates of universities in Germany became supporters of Luther because:

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they wanted to support the religious movement of one of their countrymen.

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Lutheranism would not have survived and flourished without the support of:

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the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.

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Lutheranism was attractive to many princes in Germany because:

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the Holy Roman Emperor had adopted the faith.

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Aside from religious motivations, many free cities in the Holy Roman Empire found Lutheranism appealing because:

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town councils and guild masters could use reforms as a way to oppose local aristocrats and bishops.

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The German Peasants' Revolt of 1525:

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cemented the alliance of Lutheranism with state power.

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In Switzerland, Protestant reforms were usually imposed by:

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leading citizens.

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For Zwingli, the Eucharist:

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was an important commemoration of Christ's historical sacrifice on the cross.

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In contrast to Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calvinists, Anabaptists:

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believed that only adults should be baptized, not children.

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After 1534, Anabaptists were greatly feared by secular authorities in Europe because they:

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were associated with extremist groups that threatened the social order.

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The Mennonites had their most immediate theological origins in:

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Anabaptism.

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The most definitive statement of Protestant theology can be found in:

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Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion.

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Calvin's theology emphasized first and foremost:

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the sovereignty and omnipotence of God.

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With respect to salvation, Calvin argued:

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God alone chose who was saved and who was damned and one's fate could not be changed.

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In comparison to Lutheranism, Calvinism was much more:

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authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality.

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Under Calvin's guidance, Geneva's government can best be described as a(n):

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theocracy.

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The main function of the Calvinist Consistory of Geneva was to:

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supervise public and private morals.

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The settlement reached via the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 was that:

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each German prince would rule a territory that was Catholic or Lutheran based on his own choice of faith.

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After 1525, Protestantism was "domesticated" by becoming more politically conservative and by focusing on:

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the patriarchal family as the central institution of reformed life.

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Protestantism began as a dissent against the Church and had many radical manifestations, but it eventually became "domesticated" due to:

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a dependence of Protestant leaders on local political leaders.

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Protestant authority figures from fathers to secular rulers had a responsibility to discipline those under their control because Protestant belief taught that:

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undisciplined people tended toward doing evil and could thus destroy human society.

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Protestantism introduced a new exemplar of female holiness, the:

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goodwife.

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By the sixteenth century, both Protestant and Catholic cities were:

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instituting strict governmental supervision of morality.

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By insisting marriage was not a sacrament and could be regulated by secular authorities, Protestantism allowed for:

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increased parental control over marriages.

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Why would Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn?

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Because Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome at the time and disapproved of Henry's request for an annulment.

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The first English monarch to enforce Protestant theology in the English church was:

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King Edward VI.

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In attempting to restore Catholicism in England, Queen Mary did all of the following EXCEPT:

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restore the property of monasteries and convents.

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Although Elizabeth I began her reign by striking a balance between Catholic and Protestant doctrines and practices, England became more Protestant during her rule because:

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Protestant belief became an integral part of English national identity.

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The Counter-Reformation drew its inspiration primarily from:

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the papacy.

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The popes of the Counter-Reformation period were noted for their:

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ability to administer the Church ably.

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At the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church:

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reaffirmed almost all of the doctrinal claims that Protestants criticized.

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Prior to founding the Society of Jesus, Ignatius Loyola was:

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a mercenary soldier.

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Loyola's Spiritual Exercises offers an interesting contrast to Luther's writings because in Loyola's work:

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Christians can master their will and work toward their salvation.

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The primary activities of the new Jesuit Order were:

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founding schools and being missionaries.

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One of the most famous mystics who aided in the reform of the Church in the sixteenth century was:

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Teresa of Avila.

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Protestant rulers targeted the North American coast for colonization because:

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Spanish and Portuguese holds on the Caribbean and South America were firm.

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The extraordinary movement of peoples, plants, animals, goods, cultures, and diseases in the sixteenth century is called the:

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Columbian Exchange.

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While many diseases traveled from Europe to the New World, _________ appears to have been introduced to Europe from the Americas.

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syphilis

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While more than 7 million slaves were taken from Africa to the Americas, the number of European colonists who came to the Americas before 1700 was approximately:

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1,500,000.

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The population of early North American colonies grew because:

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indentured servants came over in large numbers to work in the colonies.

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Social relations in the Spanish colonies of Central and South America were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

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the uprooting and resettlement of large numbers of native people.

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Much of the wealth derived from colonies in the Americas came from:

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sugar.

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On a typical merchant run along the "triangle trade" route, a British ship would sail from England with manufactured goods, trade the goods for slaves in Africa, and then:

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trade the slaves for tobacco in Virginia.

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All of the following were forms used to resist slave owners in the sixteenth century EXCEPT:

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underground railroads.

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The primary problem caused by the Price Revolution of the late sixteenth century was:

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inflation.

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The driving cause of the inflation experienced in Europe during the last half of the sixteenth century was:

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an influx of silver on the Spanish market.

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Which groups in European society benefited most from the Price Revolution?

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aristocracy

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European monarchs were forced to raise taxes precipitously in the sixteenth century because taxes collected in an inflationary period yielded less actual wealth and because:

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major infrastructure renewal was occurring across Europe, especially the rebuilding of old Roman roads.

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Most French Protestants were:

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Calvinists.

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To broker a truce between Catholic and Protestant factions in France during the sixteenth century, the French royal family:

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arranged a marriage between a powerful Protestant prince and the Catholic daughter of the reigning king of France.

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The truce between Catholics and Protestants brokered by the marriage of Henry of Navarre into the French royal family was broken because:

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there was an organized slaughter of Protestant aristocratic wedding guests on the morning of the wedding.

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The Edict of Nantes:

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recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France but allowed Protestants certain rights.

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During the first half of the sixteenth century, northern Europe's leading commercial and financial center was:

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Antwerp.

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The Dutch revolt was sparked by:

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Philip II attempting to tighten his control of the Dutch cities.

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William of Orange fought during the religious wars to free the Netherlands from:

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Catholic rule under the Spanish.

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The Dutch West India Company dominated the _________ trade after 1521.

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slave

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To finance investment in colonial enterprises, the Dutch pioneered:

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joint-stock companies.

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The Irish Rebellion of 1565 was supported by:

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Spain.

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England challenged Spanish supremacy in the Atlantic by:

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attacking Spanish ships that were sailing from their colonies to Spain.

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The Thirty Years' War began when:

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a Catholic prince became the ruler of a Protestant territory.

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Alliances in the latter half of the Thirty Years' War were largely based on:

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current political needs.

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From an international perspective, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) marked the:

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emergence of France as the dominant power in Europe, eclipsing Spain.

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To promote the economic development of France, Henry IV did all of the following EXCEPT:

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open up new silver mines within France.

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The primary goal of Cardinal Richelieu's government was to:

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increase and centralize royal power over France.

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The Fronde was a:

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series of aristocratic and popular revolts against the French government.

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All of the following led to tensions in England during the reign of James I EXCEPT:

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a highly centralized monarchy and a disaffected aristocracy with no power.

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What forced Charles I to summon a new parliament, after he had ruled without one for eleven years?

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an invasion force from Scotland

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In response to Charles I's arrest of parliamentary leaders, the English Parliament:

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voted to raise taxes to muster an army for itself.

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Oliver Cromwell rose to power in England as:

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the leader of the parliamentary army.

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Charles I's death sent shockwaves through Europe because:

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it was the first time a reigning king had been legally tried and executed for treason by his subjects.

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Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was a:

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dictatorship.

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The agreement by which Charles II became king of England:

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strengthened the power of Parliament.

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The English Civil War affected English colonies in the New World by:

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allowing them a large degree of independence by ignoring them.

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A primary theme of artistic production between 1550 and 1650 was:

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the glory of God and his saints.

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The doubt and uncertainty caused by the discovery and European colonization in the New World were expressed in Europe by all of these EXCEPT:

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the production of plays that raised questions about relative morality like Shakespeare's The Tempest.

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Jean Bodin's Six Books of the Commonwealth was the first fully developed statement of:

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absolutist sovereignty.

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In the theory of absolutism found in Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan, people give up liberties to the sovereign state which, in turn is obligated to:

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preserve people's lives.

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The medium most likely to help shape public opinion in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries was;

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plays.

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The Elizabethan author of Doctor Faustus was:

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Christopher Marlowe.

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The sixteenth-century writer who portrayed lower-class people in a very favorable light was:

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Ben Jonson.

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Shakespeare's plays feature all of these themes EXCEPT:

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the perfection of the Catholic faith.

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Baroque style is known for its:

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elaborate and highly detailed style.

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The architect of the Baroque noted for his Hellenistic-inspired style was:

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Bernini.

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Art in the Golden Age was sometimes used as a form of political critique as seen in Pieter Bruegel's piece entitled:

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The Massacre of the Innocents.

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The uncertainty and crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries over time produced:

answer

more strongly centralized states.

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The printing press was instrumental in the spread of humanist ideas.

answer

T

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Niccolò Machiavelli's work suggests that he was more of a political theorist than a political realist.

answer

F

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A "Renaissance Man" as defined in Castiglione's book The Courtier was considered to be one who could subordinate his personal morality to political ends.

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F

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Leonardo da Vinci considered artists to be skilled craftsmen.

answer

F

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Michelangelo's David was created to celebrate Florentine civic ideals.

answer

T

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Erasmus believed that the entire society of his day was caught up in despair because of the inflexibility of ecclesiastical reform.

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F

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Thomas More was put to death for not allowing Henry VIII to remarry.

answer

F

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Albrecht Dürer was the first northerner to master the techniques of proportion and perspective and to embrace classical subjects.

answer

F

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In the rule of the Papal States the pope, as a churchman, was unable to lead armies or make alliances with other princes.

answer

F

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Under Ferdinand and Isabella, the conversos (Jews who had converted to Christianity) had all the same privileges as those who had been born into Christian families.

answer

F

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The reason galleons and caravels were made so large in this period was to make it possible to arm them more heavily.

answer

T

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Relatively few of the slaves who passed through the major Ottoman slave markets were Europeans. Most were African.

answer

F

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Few if any people believed the world was flat when Columbus began his voyage.

answer

T

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European colonists on Hispaniola turned to cattle raising and sugar production because there was no gold to be found in the mines.

answer

F

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The infusion of silver into the European economy was ultimately disastrous.

answer

T

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The term Reformation is a misleading one for the religious movement begun by Luther.

answer

T

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The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's holdings were so vast that he was willing to let local officials decide whether a particular territory would practice Catholicism or Lutheranism.

answer

F

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Luther wrote in his On Temporal Authority that all rulers must be obeyed, even tyrants.

answer

T

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In Calvinism, the Eucharist rather than the sermon was the center of worship.

answer

F

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In Calvinist Geneva, inns were the only places citizens were allowed to eat or drink without saying grace or to stay up after nine o'clock in the evening.

answer

F

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The Peace of Augsburg (1555) created both tolerance and intolerance of religion.

answer

T

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Luther believed every Christian should be able to read the Bible in his or her language.

answer

T

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Protestants believed that people were naturally good.

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F

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Luther allegedly believed that nunneries should be closed because they were places where illicit sexual behavior was inevitable.

answer

T

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Protestantism emphasized the necessity of obedience to authority figures.

answer

T

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England became a Protestant country under Henry VIII.

answer

F

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At the Council of Trent, Church prelates confirmed that the Bible was the only source of Christian truth.

answer

F

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The Index of Prohibited Books included works by the Catholic humanist Erasmus.

answer

T

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The Jesuits were not only missionaries but also soldiers who fought secular wars on behalf of the papacy.

answer

F

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Although most Christian humanists remained Catholic, humanist thought fell out of favor with most Catholic thinkers during the Catholic Reformation.

answer

T

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Many agricultural commodities moved successfully from one ecosystem to another in the early modern Columbian exchange.

answer

T

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Encomiendas were large tracts of land entrusted to elite of Spanish descent in the colonies of New Spain.

answer

F

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The slave trade was a venture carried forward by a few unscrupulous men.

answer

F

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The mortality rate for new slaves was around 60 percent.

answer

T

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The "price revolution" was driven by a huge influx of silver from the New World and a declining population in Europe.

answer

F

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The "price revolution" forced many peasants to become unfree laborers in American colonies. who worked in the fields and homes of the American colonies.

answer

T

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Once the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands became independent, they became wholly Lutheran.

answer

F

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Intermarriage between natives and Africans was quite common in the New World, as were Native/English marriages, though African/English marriages were banned.

answer

F

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As a result of the actions of its king during the Thirty Years' War, Sweden became one of Europe's great powers.

answer

T

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Unlike Spain, which was able to feed itself, France had to import most of its food.

answer

F

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Whereas the French tended to colonize North America along the Atlantic coastline, the English founded forts and colonies in the interior.

answer

F

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The Petition of Right declared all taxes not voted upon by Parliament to be the property of the Church to stop the revenues from benefiting the king.

answer

F

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During the English Civil War, the parliamentary forces consisted mainly of small landholders and artisans, while the nobility supported the king.

answer

T

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Roughly half of those accused of witchcraft in the early seventeenth century were men.

answer

F

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The work of Jean Bodin and Thomas Hobbes are early examples of the discipline of political science.

answer

T

question

Bruegel, Rubens, and Rembrandt were painters with similar styles who explored the topics of man's wretchedness and greatness to the fullest.

answer

F

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