Final Practical Test Questions – Flashcards

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What is the purpose of viral transport media?
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The purpose of viral transport media is to keep the human cell culture alive in order to support the virus and keep it alive for identification
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What is contained in the viral transport media?
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The transport media contains proteins, sugars and salts to keep the cells alive.
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How does a shell vial differ from a cell culture used in diagnostic virology?
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The shell vial differs from the cell culture in that the shell vial is a mixture of the cell culture and immunofluorescence. The shell vial contains a layer of cell line at the bottom, and it allows for rapid ID via immunofluorescence by utilizing a high speed centrifuge to increase the rate of viral attachment.
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In latex agglutination testing, what coats the latex particles?
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In latex agglutination an antibody or an antigen can coat the latex particle, it depends whether you are searching for an antibody or an antigen
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detection molecule in ELVIA
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Beta galactosidase
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detection molecule in EIA/ELISA
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chromogen
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detection molecule in IFA/DFA
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monoclonal antibody with fluorescent molecule attached
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detection molecule in Chemilluminescence
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luminol
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detection molecule in Amplification techniques
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fluorescence, luminal, radioactive material, or chromagens
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5. A patient has a positive HIV screen. The western blot confirmatory test was negative. What may have caused this discrepancy
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The western blot could have been negative because the patient hasn’t seroconverted yet, or the western blot was searching for HIV 2 and you were testing with an HIV 1 sample
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An HIV RNA PCR test is ordered for the patient. What additional information will the molecular test give the physician?
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The PCR will give the physician information about viral load or the amount of virus present.
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What is Latex Agglutination
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Qualitative and semiquantitative w/end point titres on Serum
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ASO – anti-streptolysin O latex agglutination for?
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Group A strep detection
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Cryptococcal Antigen Latex Agglutination on which type of specimen?
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CSF or serum
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Monospot (EBV) Latex Agglutination for?
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Heterophile Ab
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What is Flocculation?
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Clumping of visual charcoal particles
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RPR – Rapid Plasma Reagin Ab test on and for?
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Plasma or serum Screening test for syphilis
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VDRL – Venereal Disease Research Laboratory on?
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CSF
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EIA is a..
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Ag-Ab chromogen reaction on nitrocellulose strip
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EIA with what sample?
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NP Wash or Swab
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Pneumococcal Ag test on which sample?
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Serum or CSF
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Legionella Ag on which sample?
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Urine
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae testing for what antibody in which specimen?
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IgM in Serum
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Rapid Influenza A&B on which specimen?
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NP wash or swab
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Rapid HIV (EIA) on which specimen?
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Serum or whole blood
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ELISA can be
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automated or manual with spec used for C. diff toxin
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DSX can test for?
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Mumps, Measles, Rubella, VZV, EBV, CMV, Herpes, Toxoplasma (serum)
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chemilluminescence
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Luminol when mixed with oxidizing agent
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As electrons return to their ground state...
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excess energy is liberated as a photon of visible blue light
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chemilluminescence measured on
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photometer
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Hepatitis chronic panel
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1. Hep BSAg
2. Hep C Ab
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Hepatitis acute panel
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1. Hep BSAg
2. Hep C Ab
3. Hep A IgM
4. Hep BC IgM
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HBsAG -, anti-HBc -, anti-HBs - =
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susceptible to hep B infection
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HBsAG -, anti-HBc +, anti-HBs + =
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immune from past infection
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HBsAG -, anti-HBc -, anti-HBs + =
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immune from hep B vaccination
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HBsAG +, anti-HBc +, IgM anti-HBc +, anti-HBs - =
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acute infection
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HBsAG +, anti-HBc +, IgM anti-HBc -, anti-HBs - =
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chronic infection
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HBsAG -, anti-HBc +, anti-HBs + =
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(1) recovering from acute (2) immune and anti-HBs not detectable (3) susceptible to false-positive anti-HBc or (4) chronically infected and HBsAG not detectable
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HIV Ab screen can be done via
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ELISA, rapid EIA or Chemilluminescence
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HIV & West Nile Confirmatory Test
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western blot
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Immunofluorescence can be
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direct or indirect
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FTA – Fluorescent Treponema Antibody confirms
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RPR
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Respiratory Panel contains
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Adenovirus, Influenza A&B, Para influenza 1,2 & 3, RSV
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Phenotypic
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unique physical characteristics that can be observed
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Immunologic
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unique antigens
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Serologic
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indirect identification targeting unique antibodies
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Molecular
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unique nitrogenous base sequences
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Watson & Crick - 1953
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Molecular Structure of Nucleic acids
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Kary Mullis - 1983
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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
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Steps in PCR (5)
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Extraction
Denaturation
Primer anneal
Extension
Detection of products
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PCR amplification in a
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thermal cycler
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Real-time polymerase chain reaction
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amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted RNA or DNA sequence. The amplified DNA is detected as the reaction progresses in real time, a new approach compared to standard PCR, where the product of the reaction is detected at the end.
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Method for detection in Real Time-PCR
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sequence-specific probes consisting of oligonucleotides labeled with a fluorescent reporter
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Abbreviations used for real-time PCR
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RTQ-PCR, Q-PCR or qPCR
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Real-time reverse-transcription PCR is denoted as
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qRT-PCR, RRT-PCR,or RT-rt PCR
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acronym RT-PCR commonly denotes
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reverse-transcription PCR and not real-time PCR
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SDA
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Strand displacement amplification
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NASBA
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Nucleic acid sequence based amplification
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TMA
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transcription mediated amplification
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LCR
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Ligase chain reaction
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Cepheid Gene Xpert
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PCR detection of MRSA from nasal swabs
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Hybridization Used for speciation of AFB
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genprobe or labeled probe
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Frederick Sanger – The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980
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DNA sequencing
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Human Genome Project
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3 billion base pairs in 23 chromosomes
Only 1.5% of the human genome codes for proteins
2003
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Gene sequencing of Actinomycetes
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Micro seq 500™
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HCV genotype testing is used to determine
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required length and potential response to interferon-based therapy
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Microarray Technology
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Chip w/oligonucleotide DNA probes
Intensity of hybridization is determine using imaging processing software
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Virion
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complete viral particle comprised of genetic material & the capsid
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virus innfects cells by
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lytic or latent
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structures of virus
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enveloped, helical, icosohedral
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genome can be
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ssRNA, dsRNA, dsDNA or ssDNA
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Positive sense 5’ – 3’
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Viral RNA serves as mRNA
for translation
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Negative sense 3’ – 5’
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Virus provides RNA polymerase to convert to positive sense RNA
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Rotavirus found in
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stool
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enterovirus found in
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stool CSF, NP or throat swab
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Respiratory panel done on
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patient specimen or patient infected mixed cell line (r-mix)
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H glycoproteins
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help attach
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N glycoproteins
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help leave
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Syncytia
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fusion of cells
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RSV
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus
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RSV test
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EIA
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oncovirus
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triggers a cell to become cancerous, HIV
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seroconversion
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indeterminate results
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JCV & BKV
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Transplant patients
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JCV & BKV testing on
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Urine, Plasma, CSF or Tissue
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BSL 4 organisms
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Marburg Virus and Ebola Virus
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Prions
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protein particles that can destroy nerve tissue
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Creutzfeldt-Jacobs Disease
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mad-cow, caused by prion
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It is best to collect specimens for viral isolation during
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first few days of illness, during the febrile, acute (IgM) period
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Blood for virus collection to
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rule out viremia
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Indirect viral detection
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2 antibodies
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SEM
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scanning electron microscope
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TEM
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transmission electron microscopy
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direct detection
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EM
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examples of CPE
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synica, inclusions, lysis, enlargement
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Direct - DFA
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Tagged MCAb + Virus infected cell
Respiratory panel, CMV, HSV, VZV
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Indirect IF
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Tagged Ab + MCAb + Virus infected cell
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Rapid cell culture w/fluorescent staining used on which vial with what virus
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shell vial with CMV
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ELVIS
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enzyme linked virus inducible system
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Whats in an ELVIS
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Hamster Kidney Cells w/Beta galactosidease gene
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