Final Practical Test Questions – Flashcards
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What is the purpose of viral transport media? |
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The purpose of viral transport media is to keep the human cell culture alive in order to support the virus and keep it alive for identification |
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What is contained in the viral transport media? |
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The transport media contains proteins, sugars and salts to keep the cells alive. |
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How does a shell vial differ from a cell culture used in diagnostic virology? |
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The shell vial differs from the cell culture in that the shell vial is a mixture of the cell culture and immunofluorescence. The shell vial contains a layer of cell line at the bottom, and it allows for rapid ID via immunofluorescence by utilizing a high speed centrifuge to increase the rate of viral attachment. |
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In latex agglutination testing, what coats the latex particles? |
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In latex agglutination an antibody or an antigen can coat the latex particle, it depends whether you are searching for an antibody or an antigen |
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detection molecule in ELVIA |
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Beta galactosidase |
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detection molecule in EIA/ELISA |
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chromogen |
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detection molecule in IFA/DFA |
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monoclonal antibody with fluorescent molecule attached |
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detection molecule in Chemilluminescence |
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luminol |
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detection molecule in Amplification techniques |
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fluorescence, luminal, radioactive material, or chromagens |
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5. A patient has a positive HIV screen. The western blot confirmatory test was negative. What may have caused this discrepancy |
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The western blot could have been negative because the patient hasn’t seroconverted yet, or the western blot was searching for HIV 2 and you were testing with an HIV 1 sample |
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An HIV RNA PCR test is ordered for the patient. What additional information will the molecular test give the physician? |
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The PCR will give the physician information about viral load or the amount of virus present. |
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What is Latex Agglutination |
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Qualitative and semiquantitative w/end point titres on Serum |
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ASO – anti-streptolysin O latex agglutination for? |
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Group A strep detection |
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Cryptococcal Antigen Latex Agglutination on which type of specimen? |
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CSF or serum |
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Monospot (EBV) Latex Agglutination for? |
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Heterophile Ab |
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What is Flocculation? |
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Clumping of visual charcoal particles |
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RPR – Rapid Plasma Reagin Ab test on and for? |
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Plasma or serumScreening test for syphilis |
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VDRL – Venereal Disease Research Laboratory on? |
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CSF |
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EIA is a.. |
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Ag-Ab chromogen reaction on nitrocellulose strip |
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EIA with what sample? |
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NP Wash or Swab |
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Pneumococcal Ag test on which sample? |
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Serum or CSF |
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Legionella Ag on which sample? |
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Urine |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae testing for what antibody in which specimen? |
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IgM in Serum |
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Rapid Influenza A&B on which specimen? |
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NP wash or swab |
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Rapid HIV (EIA) on which specimen? |
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Serum or whole blood |
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ELISA can be |
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automated or manual with spec used for C. diff toxin |
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DSX can test for? |
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Mumps, Measles, Rubella, VZV, EBV, CMV, Herpes, Toxoplasma (serum) |
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chemilluminescence |
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Luminol when mixed with oxidizing agent |
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As electrons return to their ground state... |
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excess energy is liberated as a photon of visible blue light |
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chemilluminescence measured on |
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photometer |
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Hepatitis chronic panel |
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1. Hep BSAg 2. Hep C Ab |
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Hepatitis acute panel |
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1. Hep BSAg 2. Hep C Ab 3. Hep A IgM 4. Hep BC IgM |
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HBsAG -, anti-HBc -, anti-HBs - = |
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susceptible to hep B infection |
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HBsAG -, anti-HBc +, anti-HBs + = |
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immune from past infection |
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HBsAG -, anti-HBc -, anti-HBs + = |
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immune from hep B vaccination |
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HBsAG +, anti-HBc +, IgM anti-HBc +, anti-HBs - = |
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acute infection |
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HBsAG +, anti-HBc +, IgM anti-HBc -, anti-HBs - = |
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chronic infection |
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HBsAG -, anti-HBc +, anti-HBs + = |
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(1) recovering from acute (2) immune and anti-HBs not detectable (3) susceptible to false-positive anti-HBc or (4) chronically infected and HBsAG not detectable |
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HIV Ab screen can be done via |
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ELISA, rapid EIA or Chemilluminescence |
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HIV & West Nile Confirmatory Test |
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western blot |
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Immunofluorescence can be |
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direct or indirect |
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FTA – Fluorescent Treponema Antibody confirms |
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RPR |
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Respiratory Panel contains |
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Adenovirus, Influenza A&B, Para influenza 1,2 & 3, RSV |
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Phenotypic |
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unique physical characteristics that can be observed |
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Immunologic |
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unique antigens |
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Serologic |
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indirect identification targeting unique antibodies |
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Molecular |
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unique nitrogenous base sequences |
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Watson & Crick - 1953 |
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Molecular Structure of Nucleic acids |
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Kary Mullis - 1983 |
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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) |
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Steps in PCR (5) |
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Extraction Denaturation Primer anneal Extension Detection of products |
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PCR amplification in a |
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thermal cycler |
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Real-time polymerase chain reaction |
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amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted RNA or DNA sequence. The amplified DNA is detected as the reaction progresses in real time, a new approach compared to standard PCR, where the product of the reaction is detected at the end. |
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Method for detection in Real Time-PCR |
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sequence-specific probes consisting of oligonucleotides labeled with a fluorescent reporter |
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Abbreviations used for real-time PCR |
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RTQ-PCR, Q-PCR or qPCR |
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Real-time reverse-transcription PCR is denoted as |
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qRT-PCR, RRT-PCR,or RT-rt PCR |
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acronym RT-PCR commonly denotes |
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reverse-transcription PCR and not real-time PCR |
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SDA |
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Strand displacement amplification |
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NASBA |
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Nucleic acid sequence based amplification |
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TMA |
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transcription mediated amplification |
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LCR |
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Ligase chain reaction |
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Cepheid Gene Xpert |
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PCR detection of MRSA from nasal swabs |
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HybridizationUsed for speciation of AFB |
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genprobe or labeled probe |
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Frederick Sanger – The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 |
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DNA sequencing |
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Human Genome Project |
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3 billion base pairs in 23 chromosomes Only 1.5% of the human genome codes for proteins 2003 |
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Gene sequencing of Actinomycetes |
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Micro seq 500™ |
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HCV genotype testing is used to determine |
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required length and potential response to interferon-based therapy |
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Microarray Technology |
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Chip w/oligonucleotide DNA probes Intensity of hybridization is determine using imaging processing software |
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Virion |
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complete viral particle comprised of genetic material & the capsid |
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virus innfects cells by |
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lytic or latent |
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structures of virus |
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enveloped, helical, icosohedral |
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genome can be |
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ssRNA, dsRNA, dsDNA or ssDNA |
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Positive sense 5’ – 3’ |
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Viral RNA serves as mRNA for translation |
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Negative sense 3’ – 5’ |
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Virus provides RNA polymerase to convert to positive sense RNA |
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Rotavirus found in |
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stool |
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enterovirus found in |
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stool CSF, NP or throat swab |
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Respiratory panel done on |
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patient specimen or patient infected mixed cell line (r-mix) |
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H glycoproteins |
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help attach |
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N glycoproteins |
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help leave |
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Syncytia |
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fusion of cells |
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RSV |
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
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RSV test |
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EIA |
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oncovirus |
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triggers a cell to become cancerous, HIV |
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seroconversion |
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indeterminate results |
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JCV & BKV |
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Transplant patients |
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JCV & BKV testing on |
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Urine, Plasma, CSF or Tissue |
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BSL 4 organisms |
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Marburg Virus and Ebola Virus |
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Prions |
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protein particles that can destroy nerve tissue |
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Creutzfeldt-Jacobs Disease |
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mad-cow, caused by prion |
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It is best to collect specimens for viral isolation during |
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first few days of illness, during the febrile, acute (IgM) period |
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Blood for virus collection to |
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rule out viremia |
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Indirect viral detection |
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2 antibodies |
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SEM |
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scanning electron microscope |
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TEM |
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transmission electron microscopy |
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direct detection |
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EM |
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examples of CPE |
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synica, inclusions, lysis, enlargement |
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Direct - DFA |
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Tagged MCAb + Virus infected cell Respiratory panel, CMV, HSV, VZV |
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Indirect IF |
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Tagged Ab + MCAb + Virus infected cell |
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Rapid cell culturew/fluorescent staining used on which vial with what virus |
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shell vial with CMV |
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ELVIS |
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enzyme linked virus inducible system |
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Whats in an ELVIS |
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Hamster Kidney Cells w/Beta galactosidease gene |