Final Personality Psych – Flashcards
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Unconditioned stimulus
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A stimulating factor that is innate, or natural. Example includes Pavlov's Dogs when they salivated has a response to the stimulus of food.
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Conditioned stimulus
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A stimulating factor that is learned through automatic association. Example includes Pavlov's Dogs when they salivated has a response to hearing a bell.
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The behaviorist movement rejected this practice of psychology
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Rejection of Introspection. Many experimental philosopher-psychologists, such as Wilhem Wundt, used subject analyses of the human mind. They asked people to introspect about their thoughts or to free associate to reveal unconscious processes. This approach had methodical difficulties.
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Cluster Type A Personality
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Generally odd, eccentric, and clustered. Includes the personality disorders of Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal.
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Cluster Type B Personality
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Generally dramatic, emotional, and erratic. Includes the personality disorders of Borderline personality disorder, Narcissistic, Histrionic, and Antisocial.
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Cluster Type C Personality
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Generally anxious, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive with a high level of anxiety. Includes the personality disorders of Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive.
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Cognitive components of modeling behavior
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Observational learning also involves active cognitive processes with four components: Attention, Retention, motor reproduction, and motivation.
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Rogers-inherent tendency -traits of a happy person
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"People have an inherent tendency toward growth and maturation. People would be happier if they took responsibility and did not blame others."
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Generalization
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Conditioned responses can occur in response to stimulus to the conditioned stimulus. The tendency for similar stimuli to evoke the same response.
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Pavlov, Ivan Petrovitch
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Founder of classical conditioning. (1849-1936)
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classical conditioning
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A concept that after the repeated pairing of an unconditional stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response and a neutral stimulus, the previously neutral stimulus can come to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. Used to explain emotional aspects of personality, like: neurotic behavior, phobias, superstitious behavior and behaviors that are reinforced by the environment.
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B.F. Skinner
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Known for a Behavioral approach, claimed that principles of learning were common across all species.
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Operant conditioning
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The changing of behavior by manipulating its consequences.
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The Difference between Classical and Operant Conditioning
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The behavior being affected is the same, the responsive behavior. The modes of change are different, using either a stimulus that causes an uncontrolled response through learned exposure; or a stimulus as a result of learned behavior, like a reward system.
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Kurt Lewin
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Field of theory and life space
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Field of theory
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An approach to personality, suggesting that behavior is determined by complex interactions among a person's internal psychological structure, the forces of the external environment, and the structural relationships between the person and the environment.
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Life space
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All of the internal and external forces that act on an individual and their relationships to one another.
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Field of dependent traits
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The extent to which an individual's problem solving is influenced by salient irrelevant aspects of the context in which the problem occurs. an important approach to individual differences in personality because it is reliably and objectively measured across many different instruments; moreover it tends to be consistent in an individual over time (even from childhood to adulthood). A person's standing along this perception-based field-dependence continuum is associated with many aspects of behavior, especially interpersonal behavior.
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Field of independent traits
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The extent to which an individual's problem solving is not influenced by salient but irrelevant aspects of the context in which the problem occurs. Includes Children's play preference (favor solitary play), socialization patterns (Emphasize autonomy over conformity), and career choice (Prefer technological occupations), Interpersonal distance (tend to sit farther away from a conversation partner), Eye contact (Makes less frequent and less prolonged eye contact)
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Schemas: (or situational scripts)
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A cognitive structure that organizes knowledge and expectations about one's environment, and determines how we think and act. The schema that is activated in a given situation is a major determinant of a person's expectations, inferences, and actions in that situation. They exist on many levels, and can be simultaneously active in influencing our behavior.
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Negative effects of categorization
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Examples include- stereotypes (a type of schema or belief about the personality traits that tend to be characteristic of members of some group) and overlooking individuating characteristics.
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Optimistic explanatory style
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A characteristic way of interpreting life events, a way to rationalize or explain things. Effects the implications for achievements
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Learned Helplessness
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Repeated exposure to unavoidable punishment leads to the acceptance of avoidable punishment.
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Rotter, Julian's 6 psychological needs
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Recognition status, a sense of importance - Dominance - Independence - Protection or dependency - Love and affection - Physical comfort. With secondary reinforces that are associated with satisfaction of these needs.
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Rotter, Julian's Locus of Control
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A belief about the affect of outcomes, the rationale of what an individual can control, or has control over. Internal Control- Result of one's own actions. External control- Events are beyond personal control.
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Bandura, Albert's "BoBo" doll study
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Behaviors that are acquired in the ABSENCE of reinforcement. Children learning aggressive behavior from adults hitting a blow up doll. Theory through observational learning, and vicarious learning.
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Outcome expectancy
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Factors that influence modeling and characteristics of the model- characteristics of the behavior- and Attributes of the observer
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Myer-Briggs Type Indicator
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A widely used instrument that attempts to measure introversion and extroversion and several other sub classifications as defined by Carl Jung. Includes 8 types ( 4 functions times 2 attitudes)
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extroversion
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Refers to an orientation toward things outside oneself. A person who is realistic, thinking, and judging.
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Cattell: "Sixteen personality Factors Questionnaire" knowns as 16PF
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Including: outgoing or reserved, more or less intelligent, stable or emotional, assertive or humble, happy go lucky or sober, conscientious or expedient, venturesome or shy, tender minded or tough minded, suspicious or trusting, imaginative or practical, shrewd or forthright, apprehensive or placid, experimenting or conservative, self sufficient or group tied, controlled or casual, and tense or relaxed; and collected data using many different forms: Q-Data (Collected from Questionnaires), T-data (Collected from testing), L-data (collected from Life resources- ie: school database, etc)
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Allport, Gordon
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Emphasized the complex uniqueness of each individual and acknowledged that behavior varies across situations; but he still believed that an individual has a stable personality that can be understood and scientifically studied. His approach helped point researchers to today's understanding that personality can be distinctive and somewhat variable but still very useful for studying and understanding people.
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Big 5
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OCEAN: Openness/ Conscientiousness/ Extroversion/ Agreeableness/ Neuroticism
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the five aspects of OCEAN
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It is created through factor analysis, and emerged from data. Behavioral genetics and cross-cultural research suggests that these traits are "real". It predicts useful and important life outcomes. It is a trait approach to personality that is supported by a great deal of research and suggests personality can be captured in five dimensions. what does it measure? Assessing by way of a Likert scale. A rating from 1-not true of me/ to 5-Very true of me... can use reverse coding for more accurate responses.
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Criticism of the Big Five
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There may be a type of biasing tendency to see certain traits as going together and to perceive consistencies when viewing the personalities of others.
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Eysenck, Hans
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Using a biologically based theory, Big Three: Extroversion/ Neuroticism/ and Psychoticism.
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Murray, Henry
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Founder of the motive based study of personality, used the term "need" to refer to a readiness to respond in a certain way under given conditions. Basic needs include: Achievement (n Ach)/ Affiliation (n Aff)/ Power or Dominance (n Power)/ and Exhibition (n Exh).
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Motivation can influence perception
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A deep seated motivation can affect perceptions and behaviors. People tend to see desirable objects as physically closer than less desirable objects. We do not see the surrounding world exactly as it really is, instead our perceptions and efforts are distorted. Such findings confirm the importance of dynamic needs and motives to the understanding of traits.
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Existentialism
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An area of philosophy concerned with the meaning of human existence.
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Humanism
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A philosophical movement that emphasizes the personal worth of the individual and the importance of human values.
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Maslow- hierarchy of needs
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Physiological needs → Safety needs → Belongingness and Love needs → Esteem needs → Self-actualization motives... Satisfying all the "D-level" or deficiency needs before the "b-motive" or being level needs
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Maslow- self actualization
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The innate process by which one tends to grow spiritually and realize one's potential. Peak experiences occurred when people seemed to transcend the self, be at one with the world, and feel completely self-fulfilled.
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To pursue happiness
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Help others, Monitor selfish wealth seeking, Seek spiritual experiences, Keep lists or journals of accomplishments, Avoid television, Set long term goals, Recognize the unhappiness in others.
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Broverman's 1972 study
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In a classic large-scale study from the 1097's, males and females of a variety of ages were asked to list characteristics and behaviors on which men and women differed. Two results stood out: 1- most subjects agreed that men and women differed on over 40 personality characteristics; 2- both men and women found "masculine" characteristics to be more desirable than "feminine" characteristics. Many people perceive significant differences between men and women's personalities, and these perceptions influence their attitudes about behaviors toward others, thereby influencing personality.
