question

Social construction of health/illness

answer

...

question

Medicalization (define, examples, upsides/downsides)

answer

-Social process by which problems/issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such (e.g. in terms of biology, genetics, biochemistry) -Example: alcoholism/addiction -Example: "female sexual dysfunction" http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2011/01/08/medicalizing-sexuality/

question

Mental illness (social construction, DSM, medicalization

answer

-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has standardized mental illnesses and their definitions -Changes in definitions of mental illnesses -Changes in explanations (towards a more "diagnostic" or "medical" model) -Social meanings have long been contested

question

3 explanations for causal relationship between SES and health

answer

-Psychosocial, materialist, and fundamental causes

question

Race and health disparities

answer

...

question

Food deserts

answer

Community in which the residents have little or no access to fresh, affordable, healthy foods, usually located in densely populated, urban areas -Convenience stores and fast food restaurants, but no grocery stores -Predominately low-income, communities of color -Grocery chains left for suburbs in 1960/70s Health effects: raises risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease

question

"The Prescription of a New Generation" (Loe 2008) -The "double-edged sword of medicalization" (p. 47)

answer

-"ADHD is a case study of expanding medicalization in American society today"...this and other case studies "address the double-edged sword of medicalization" (p. 47).

question

"The Prescription of a New Generation" (Loe 2008) -What social factors have contributed to the rising prevalence of psychostimulant use in the U.S.?

answer

Reread article

question

"The Prescription of a New Generation" (Loe 2008) -Why do social scientists express concern about medicalization's focus on individual and physiological factors contributing to behavioral issues?

answer

Reread article

question

"The Prescription of a New Generation" (Loe 2008) -What concerns do students express about their use of drugs like Ritalin and Adderall

answer

Reread article

question

Chapter 12

answer

...

question

How sociologists define family

answer

-A social group whose members are bound by legal, biological, or emotional ties, or a combination of all three -An important social institution that shapes our lives -Circumstances outside individual families also shape family life -Legalization of same-sex marriage

question

How circumstances outside individual families shape family life and how individuals define "family"

answer

...

question

Stephanie Coontz on the development of love marriages (historical shift in meaning/purpose of marriage, concerns about love marriages)

answer

...

question

Changes in families from preindustrial to industrial era

answer

Kinship networks weakened, more focus on tie between parents and children • Gendered division of labor (ideology of separate spheres) -Public sphere (paid work, men) -Private sphere (domestic work/childcare, women) -Cult of domesticity - the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing -Ideal, not attainable for all

question

Cult of domesticity & ideology of separate spheres

answer

-Cult of domesticity - the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing -Ideal, not attainable for all

question

The (not so traditional) "traditional" family of the 1950s

answer

•Two-parent families, with the man as breadwinner and the woman as homemaker •Normative model (held up as the ideal) •Historically specific (prosperous time) •Unique era (compare to trends preceding and following) -Rising divorce rate and decline of fertility since end of 19th century/beginning of 20th -Women's labor force participation had been increasing

question

Endogamy

answer

the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe

question

Exogamy

answer

the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe.

question

monogamy

answer

-the practice or state of being married to one person at a time. The practice or state of having a sexual relationship with only one partner

question

Polygamy

answer

the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time.

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Nuclear family

answer

-a couple and their dependent children, regarded as a basic social unit. Ex: Mom, Dad, Brothers, and Sisters

question

Extended Family

answer

-a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household.

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Kinship network

answer

Kinship Network is typically based on blood ties, marriage or adoption.

question

Contemporary trends/patterns (age at first marriage and childbirth, cohabitation, single parent families, blended families, divorce)

answer

...

question

Contemporary trends/patterns (age at first marriage and childbirth, cohabitation, single parent families, blended families, divorce)

answer

...

question

Same-sex marriage, DOMA

answer

...

question

African American families (patterns, historical concerns, challenges to concerns)

answer

...

question

Kathy Edin's research on low-income single mothers (difficulty making ends meet, why they have kids, why they don't get married)

answer

...

question

Domestic abuse/violence

answer

...

question

Second shift, patterns in gendered division of household labor

answer

...

question

Chapter 13

answer

...

question

Functions of schooling/education

answer

1.) To teach basic reading, writing, math skills 2.) (sometimes) To teach specific skills needed for workplace 3.) To teach young people the values, beliefs, and attitudes important in our society (socialization) 4.) (sometimes) To assimilate outsiders into dominant culture

question

Hidden curriculum

answer

the nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling

question

School's role in the reproduction of inequality

answer

-Variation in resources (books, technology, etc.), facilities, availability of extracurricular activities and advanced courses -Class size matters

question

Coleman report

answer

Coleman Report - most differences in achievement between schools due to... -Family background -Peers with whom students attended school

question

Tracking

answer

a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans

question

Self-fulfilling prophecy (Rosenthal and Jacobson's 1968 study

answer

Self-fulfilling prophecy -Higher expectations led to higher performances (and vice versa) -Teachers more often have lower expectations of minorities, students from low-income backgrounds, and boys

question

SES and educational outcomes

answer

-Higher SES students generally have better educational opportunities -Why? -Money for tutoring, prep courses -Wealth used for college education, private schools -Highly educated parents may be able to offer more homework help -Lower-class boys losing ground

question

Cultural capital and educational outcomes

answer

-Symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations

question

Race and educational outcomes (correlation between race and SES, "acting white" theory, stereotype threat

answer

-Racial disparities in rates of high school and college graduation -Strong link between race and SES -When we control for SES, many of the black-white educational gaps narrow •Fear of "acting white" -Only limited evidence supporting this theory, some studies discount it •Stereotype threat - when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes

question

Credentialism - functionalist and conflict perspectives on it

answer

•Functionalist approach - rise in education rates is a response to marketplace demands •Conflict theory approach - rise in education rates is due to American's view that education is a mark of elite status -Credentialism - an overemphasis on credentials (e.g. college degrees) for signaling social status or qualifications for a job

question

Critiques of SAT

answer

•Accurately predicts college success, but so does high school GPA -Only is a good predictor for white students •How meritocratic is it really? -Racial and class biases -Stereotype threat

question

Affirmative action

answer

•A set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population - typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities •Introduced in 1960s due to Civil Rights Movements •8 states have bans on affirmative action

question

Gender in higher education, critiques of concern about "boy crisis"

answer

•As of 2010, women earned 57% of bachelor's degrees -Gender gap exists among all large racial/ethnic groups •Gender gap varies depending on other demographic factors -for the wealthiest students, slightly more men than women are earning degrees -the gender gap (favoring women) is largest among students 25 years and up, Asians, and low-income students •Segregation persists across fields of study, leading to continued occupational segregation and contributing to earnings gap

question

"The (Mis)Education of Monica and Karen" (Hamilton and Armstrong 2012) -What specific organizational features of 4-year residential colleges/universities posed challenges for less affluent, in-state students? Why did these features hinder these students' success, while not that of more affluent students?

answer

reread

question

"The (Mis)Education of Monica and Karen" (Hamilton and Armstrong 2012) -Recommendations for students (and their families) and schools

answer

reread

question

"The (Mis)Education of Monica and Karen" (Hamilton and Armstrong 2012) -How does this article utilize a sociological imagination? i.e. How does it allow us to see Monica and Karen's challenges as more than just "private troubles," but rather as "public issues"?

answer

reread

question

Chapter 14

answer

...

question

Preindustrial vs. industrial vs. postindustrial economies

answer

...

question

Capitalism vs. socialism vs. communism

answer

-Socialism •Government regulation of economy •Collective ownership of the means of production •Collective distribution of goods/services -Communism •Elimination of private property •Classless society •Rewards tied to need, not productivity

question

Alienation (4 forms)

answer

• Alienation from... -The product -The labor process -Other people -Human nature (one's self)

question

Knowledge and service work

answer

-Knowledge work - production of value through ideas, judgments, analyses, designs, and innovations -Service work - provision of intangible services to businesses or individual clients, customers, or consumers

question

Challenges faced by low-wage service workers

answer

• Challenges exacerbated in low-wage, front-line service work, often performed by women, people of color, the poor • Demands of... -Customer/clients -Supervisors/managers (e.g. lack of autonomy) • Low-wages, few to no benefits, poor working conditions, part-time/temporary, unstable • Require flexibility, but doesn't offer much in return

question

Work/family conflict (low-wage vs. professional workers, cross-national comparisons, FMLA and other flexible work arrangements)

answer

•Inflation & decline of industrial/manufacturing work •Increase in women's labor-force participation and rise in dual-earner families •Low-wage workers have unpredictable schedules, difficulty getting time off, can't afford to hire help •Professional workers faced with demands for overwork, constant availability, flexible work arrangements stigmatized •Family & Medical Leave Act (FMLA) -Provides 12 weeks of unpaid leave (paid leave is at discretion of individual employers) -Only covers 60% of workers in U.S. -Not everyone can afford unpaid leave •Often negotiated on individual basis •Stigma keeps many workers from taking advantage of flexible work arrangements

question

Globalization and (transnational) corporations

answer

• Transnational corporations - firms that transcend borders so that their products can be manufactured, distributed, marketed, and sold from many bases all over the world

question

Offshoring

answer

• Offshoring - moving all or part of a company's operations abroad to minimize costs

question

Unions

answer

• An organization of workers designed to facilitate collective bargaining with employers (typically for increased wages, benefits, or better working conditions) • Some union wins: end to child labor, 8 hour workday, 5 day workweek • Declining membership since peak in 1950s -Decline in manufacturing -Fear of job loss

question

Made in L.A. (2007) -Complaints voiced by garment workers

answer

Watch Again

question

Made in L.A. (2007) -Strategies workers used in their campaign against Forever 21 and outcome of campaign

answer

Watch Again

question

"Cool Stores, Bad Jobs" (Besen-Cassino 2013) -What motivates affluent youth to work in "bad jobs"?

answer

Reread

question

"Cool Stores, Bad Jobs" (Besen-Cassino 2013) -Why do these "cool stores" prefer to hire affluent youth? How do their hiring practices reproduce inequality

answer

Reread

question

"Cool Stores, Bad Jobs" (Besen-Cassino 2013) -What is aesthetic labor?

answer

Reread

question

Chapter 18

answer

...

question

Social change, how it varies, how it occurs

answer

-Transformations in social institutions, political organizations, and cultural norms across time How social change happens? •Technology and innovation •New ideas, information, identities •Demographic factors •Conflict •Human action

question

Two-way relationship between social structure and human action/agency

answer

...

question

Collective action

answer

•Action (event or particular behavior) that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation -Can occur among people who are face-to-face, or it can occur among people who aren't physically together -Can be a part of a social movement, but doesn't have to be

question

Social movements

answer

•Social entities that engage in collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized (but not ritualized) -Motivated by a social or political aim (it has a goal) -Motivated by desire to enact social change (at the level of a particular subgroup or all of society)

question

Stages of social movements

answer

1. Emergence - The public takes notice of a situation and defines it as a problem (i.e. discontent) 2. Coalescence - resources are mobilized (i.e. concrete action is taken) around the problems identified in that first stage • The role of technology • Some movements fade away at this stage - Have reached goals - Lack support 3. Routinization or institutionalization - development of a formal structure or organization meant to promote the cause -Could involve setting up headquarters, hire staff, etc. 4. Decline •Could result from... -Repression -Success -Failure

question

Resource mobilization theory

answer

• Resource mobilization theory - movements are unlikely to emerge or succeed without the necessary resources (time, money, support from power elite, etc.)

question

Political process model

answer

• Political process model - focuses on need for political opportunities (receptivity or vulnerability of the existing political system to challenge). (i.e. timing matters)

question

Public sociology

answer

...

question

Chapter Cumulative Learning

answer

...

question

The discipline of sociology -The sociological imagination

answer

•The ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces •The ability to recognize when seemingly private troubles are actually public issues •The sociological imagination is the ability to see connections between our personal experiences (biography) and the larger forces of history •There are different theories that seek to explain deviance, but they all utilize the sociological imagination to focus on... -The relationship between our individual circumstances and larger social forces -The intersection between "biography" and "history" -The interplay of self and the world

question

The discipline of sociology -micro vs. macrosociology

answer

...

question

The discipline of sociology -Sociology vs. other social science disciplines

answer

...

question

Theory -Functionalism, Conflict theory, symbolic interactionism

answer

Functionalism -Builds on ideas of Durkheim -Social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or necessary) function to keep society running -Functions may be manifest (explicit) or latent (hidden) Conflict Theory -Builds on ideas of Marx -Conflict among competing interests is the basic, animating force of any society -Critiques functionalism for reinforcing the status quo and inequalities Symbolic Interactionism -Builds on ideas of Mead and Chicago School -Shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions -Meanings are not inherent but created through interaction

question

Theory -Durkheim, Marx, Weber

answer

Durkheim Altruisitc, Fatalistic, Aomic, Egiostic Marx •Conflict theory (Marx) •Inequality between the capitalists (bourgeoisie) who owned the means of production, and the workers (proletariat) who owned only their labor •Exploitative, antagonistic relationship • Weber • Class is not just about owning means of production • Members of a "class" have similar value in the marketplace (based on their skills, credentials) •Weber (status hierarchy) •Sources of status: -Occupation -Consumption

question

Research Methods -Qualitative vs. quantitative research

answer

Quantitative methods -Determine how changes in one factor affect another outcome Qualitative methods -focus on meanings or mechanisms by which social processes occur

question

Research Methods -inductive vs. deductive approach

answer

...

question

Research Methods -Research methods (survey, experiment, participant observation, content analysis, interview)

answer

...

question

Research Methods -Validity & reliability

answer

-Validity - the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure -Reliability - likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure

question

Research Methods -Dependent vs. independent variable

answer

-Dependent variable - the outcome or effect you are trying to explain -Independent variable(s) - the measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable

question

Substantive topics -Stratification and inequality - socioeconomic status, gender, and race

answer

•Stratification -systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships •Social inequality - unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society •Socioeconomic status (SES) is the term used to describe a person's position in a stratified social order •No consensus about definition of "class," but it's often measured by income, wealth, education, and/or occupation

question

Substantive topics -Socialization

answer

•the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society •Life-long process •Not entirely one-sided (e.g. we still have agency)

question

Substantive topics -Social constructionism

answer

•Social construction is the process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that it exists. •Made visible when we consider historical and cross-cultural variation •Social constructions are real in their consequences because we have collectively agreed about their meaning •These meanings are important for us to understand in order to be fully functioning members of society and help to keep social relations going smoothly

question

After the 1929 stock market crash, businessmen jumped from skyscraper windows, committing what Durkheim would classify as ____________ suicide.

answer

-Anomic

question

Which group exploits the proletariat by taking more of the value of the work of laborers than they repay in wages? a. bourgeoisie c. elites b.Middle class d. hierarchy class

answer

a.) Bourgeoisie

question

How does Maria Charles answer the question, "what gender is science?" •Why?

answer

-it is a male dominance depending on you location or society. She says it depends in US male or men. -It is not where it is everywhere like 50/50 in Malasia

question

Tracy is a woman who rejects the goals defined by society to achieve a big house and lots of money, but she still follows the means and abides by the rules. Merton would classify Tracy as a(n): a. innovator. c. ritualist. b.retreatist. d. rebel.

answer

C.) Ritualist

question

While the notion of sex refers to biological characteristics, the concept of gender refers to: a. psychological characteristics. b.physical characteristics. c.philosophical characteristics. d.social characteristics.

answer

D.) Social Construction

question

What allows one to identify with a nationality without the rights and duties of a citizen? a. genetic identity c. ethnicity b. race d. heritage

answer

C.) Ethnicity

question

___________ is money received by a person for work or from returns on investments, whereas ____________ is an individual's net worth.

answer

-Income -Wealth

question

Race is not a fixed biological or natural reality; rather, it is: a. genetic. b. biologically invented. c.an environmental reality d. a social construction.

answer

D.) Social Construction

question

What is the name of the economic system that developed along with the agricultural revolution and Industrial Revolution in Europe?

answer

-Capitalism

question

Globalization in the twenty-first century is characterized by:

answer

-the emergence of new markets, new means of exchange, new players, and new rules that are intensifying worldwide interdependencies.

question

Offshoring occurs when firms:

answer

-move all or part of their operations abroad to developing nations.

question

There are several ways corporations can dominate the market by offering the lowest prices to attract the most buyers. Which of the following is one of the ways your text mentions to do this?

answer

-lowering production cost

question

With regard to the family wage, women:

answer

-were seen to be working just for "extra money," so they were not paid the same as men.

question

Some people consider corporations to be "psychotic" because corporations:

answer

-show little regard, remorse, or guilt for harming others.

question

Marx described workers as being alienated from:

answer

1.) the process of production 2.) other people 3.) themselves

question

The "typical" American family today is:

answer

-dual-income

question

A union allows workers to join together to promote their:

answer

-collective interests

question

Which term describes the section of the economy that revolves around providing intangible services such as restaurant work, health-care provision, higher education, legal advice, computer tech support, and massage?

answer

-service sector

question

One of the most interesting findings from the Coleman Report was that:

answer

-when lower-class students went to school with more upper-status students, their grades improved.

question

Which of the following is NOT an argument in support of the sorting function served by schools?

answer

-Students are sorted in ways that reproduce existing social inequalities.

question

Boys are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and experience problems at school; boys are also more likely to ____________ than girls.

answer

-take math and science AP classes, and score higher

question

According to functionalist theories of education, which of the following would NOT be a function of the American education system?

answer

-indoctrination into capitalist ideology

question

According to your text, approximately what percentage of the nation's population 16 years and older is functionally illiterate?

answer

-14 percent

question

When classrooms are divided into ability levels, type of preparation, or according to future plans, it is called:

answer

-tracking

question

Espenshade, Chung, and Walling (2004) studied admission to elite colleges and found that Group A was four times more likely to gain admission, and Group B was three times more likely to be admitted. Groups A and B are, respectively:

answer

-athletes and legacy students

question

Cultural capital refers to:

answer

-social class-based skills and resources that people inherit and can use to their advantage

question

A paradox of the American education system is that education is:

answer

-a social institution that stratifies students based on the characteristics of their backgrounds even though it is intended to provide equal opportunity

question

In 2010, approximately what percentage of American adults over age 25 had a college degree?

answer

-19 percent

question

Which of the following is true regarding motherhood in the Zambian culture?

answer

-Zambian mothers don't nurture their daughters in the way that Western mothers do

question

Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. This arrangement is known by sociologists as:

answer

-cohabitation

question

Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. All of the following are true about her experiences EXCEPT:

answer

- she felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by."

question

Which of the following characterized the preindustrial family?

answer

-Husbands and wives were partners, not only in making a home but also in making a living.

question

Which of the following is true regarding single-parent families in the United States and worldwide?

answer

-They are on the rise in the United States and worldwide

question

The domestic duties that still fall disproportionately on working women's shoulders are labeled by Hochschild (1989) as:

answer

"the second shift."

question

If Jerome is opposed to the idea of having a relationship with someone who lives in his dormitory, which he jokingly refers to as "dorm-cest," he is practicing the rule known as:

answer

-exogamy

question

Approximately what percentage of U.S. marriages ends in divorce?

answer

-40 percent

question

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family(stay-at-home mom and working father) in U.S. history?

answer

-The traditional family was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and can really be viewed as an aberration.

question

Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?

answer

-their extrafamilial female networks

question

The concept of race:

answer

-has changed over time

question

Thoughts and feelings (usually negative) about an ethnic or racial group are referred to as:

answer

-prejudice

question

Race is not a fixed biological or natural reality; rather, it is:

answer

-a social construction

question

Although race has no deterministic, biological basis, it still:

answer

-has important social influence

question

Which theoretical perspective argues that gender is a product of social interactions, and that by "doing gender" men and women create and contribute to the gendered patterns we see?

answer

-Symbolic Interaction

question

Which theory might argue that "it is beneficial for society as a whole when men and women stick to their 'normal' roles"?

answer

-Parson's Sex role Theory

question

Sociologists often describe an individual's position in a stratified social order that attempts to classify groups, individuals, families, or households in terms of indicators such as occupation, income, wealth, and education. Sociologists call this:

answer

-Socioeconomic status

question

What is one of the main reasons cited for rising income and wealth inequality in the United States?

answer

-globalization

question

If ____________ are abstract cultural beliefs, then ____________ are how they are put into play.

answer

-Values; Norms

question

After deciding on a research problem or paradox, if the researcher starts with a theory, then forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and so on, this is known as the ____________ approach.

answer

-Deductive

question

The subset of a population from which a researcher collects data is known as a:

answer

-Sample

question

A concern for sociologists who do qualitative fieldwork is ____________, which means that the researcher must be aware of the white coat effects that he or she may be evoking.

answer

-Reflexiability

question

A standard yardstick measures 36 inches, but Sarah is using a "faulty" yardstick (one that measures 40 inches long) to measure the campers in her youth group. Sarah will not get a(n) ___(fill in this blank)_________ indication of height, but she will have a(n) ___(next question)_________ measure of height.

answer

-Valid; reliable

question

In the 1950s, sociologist C. Wright Mills contended that to understand the social world, we need to notice connections between personal experiences and the influence of the larger society in which we live. He called this the ____________.

answer

-Sociological Imagination

question

A split in the discipline of sociology exists between ____________, who study face-to-face encounters and individual interactions, and macrosociologists, who are concerned with larger societal and structural levels of analyses.

answer

-microsociology

question

Which of the following is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time?

answer

-a social institution

question

Which of the following lists the individuals known as "the founding fathers of the sociological discipline"?

answer

-Durkheim, Marx, and Weber

question

Karl Marx would argue that the types of social institutions in a society were the result of the economic makeup of that society. Max Weber, however, argued that:

answer

-there are multiple influences (e.g., religion) on how social institutions are created

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