question

The mid-1930s saw two non-European examples of appeasement of aggressors: Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia and

answer

Japan's aggression against China.

question

To whom does the term Untermenschen refer?

answer

It referred to the "subhuman" racial categories of Jews, Gypsies, and Slavs marked for murder by Nazi officials in occupied Europe.

question

The factor most responsible for driving people to join the resistance against Germany was

answer

the deportation of non-Germans to work in Germany.

question

Hitler's stated objective in the 1930s was to reunite all ethnic Germans within his "Third German Reich." His first move toward accomplishing this objective was _____________, which did not draw a military response from Britain or France.

answer

the reoccupation of the Rhineland

question

Once Hitler had pieced together an empire that stretched across Europe, he declared,

answer

"We come as the heralds of a New Order and a new justice."

question

A major lesson Hitler learned from the Spanish Civil War was

answer

the deep reluctance of Britain and France to see another European war.

question

The largest battle in history was fought in the summer of 1943 at

answer

Kursk.

question

The Treaty of Versailles broke up the German and Austrian empires and created smaller new states in eastern Europe that

answer

created new forms of bitterness and nationalistic conflicts.

question

From the late 1930s until 1941, when Germany seized a large portion of the Soviet Union that had a numerous Jewish population, the German war on the Jews concentrated on emigration, not extermination, with a plan to send Europe's Jews to

answer

Madagascar.

question

In 1941, Romania, Hungary, and _________ joined Hitler's Germany as allies of the Nazis.

answer

Bulgaria

question

It was not only the Germans who tortured and murdered eastern European Jews but also groups of

answer

Polish villagers.

question

Although defeated by the Germans, France was allowed to establish a subject government in the south of France under the leadership of the First World War hero

answer

Marshal Henri Philippe Petain.

question

When Germany invaded Russia, following the front-line troops into the country were military squads charged with dealing with undesirable individuals among the conquered peoples. These squads were called

answer

Einsatzgruppen.

question

The first troops to enter and occupy Berlin at the end of the war were

answer

Soviet.

question

Commenting on the actions of Western governments, the British poet W. H. Auden characterized the 1930s as

answer

"a low, dishonest decade."

question

Recent research suggests that the total number of death camps, ghettoes, slave-labor camps and detention centers in Nazi-occupied Europe was greater than

answer

42,000.

question

The League of Nations neither eliminated great power rivalries and struggles nor

answer

created lasting and binding standards for peace and security.

question

The economic nationalism that inflamed international tensions and even internal relations between management and labor stemmed from

answer

the Great Depression.

question

Allied forces began to engage Axis forces directly in Europe itself during the summer of 1943, when they invaded

answer

Italy.

question

Contributing to the weakness of the League of Nations was the fact that

answer

Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States were not members.

question

The German forces in Europe began to retreat toward Germany in the summer of 1944, but in December 1944 they launched a counterattack, known as the battle of _________, that very nearly broke through the Allied lines.

answer

the Bulge

question

To solve some of its economic problems, Germany was allowed to

answer

rearm after 1935.

question

Why did Neville Chamberlain presume that the Munich agreement would satisfy Hitler's ambitions?

answer

because it allowed Hitler to unify all ethnic Germans in one state.

question

Which description best characterizes the Vichy government's treatment of France's Jewish population?

answer

selective support of deportation and the passage of sweeping anti-Semitic legislation.

question

The economic expansion and development of Europe after World War II led to the creation of the

answer

welfare state.

question

The Soviet Union viewed having friendly governments that it could control on its Eastern European borders as

answer

both "a sphere and a shield."

question

The philosophy of existentialism, building on the earlier ideas of Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Kierkegaard, states that individuals

answer

are condemned to be free and therefore can give their lives meaning only through their choices and actions.

question

Which of the following was NOT an important element of the Marshall Plan?

answer

the restriction of Catholic political movements, which tended toward an inherent suspicion of American culture and political motives.

question

Although the war in Indochina was hard on the French, the war in Algeria was much harder, because it involved fighting on three fronts: a guerrilla war in the countryside, a war of terror in Algeria's cities, and a war

answer

of opinion at home, dividing the country along political lines and bringing down the government.

question

One of the results of the agreements at Bretton Woods, which created both the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, was

answer

the pegging of all other currencies to the U.S. dollar.

question

In the decades following World War II, some intellectuals attempted to determine how such phenomena as Nazism and Stalinism could take root in society. Many, such as Hannah Arendt, refused to demonize the political systems themselves and instead explored what Arendt termed

answer

"the banality of evil."

question

A former member of the Gestapo who was smuggled out of Europe by American intelligence services to help him avoid prosecution in return for his assistance in fighting communism was

answer

Klaus Barbie.

question

The stated U.S. policy of containment regarding the Soviet Union in the post-World War II world was set forth in 1946 by

answer

George Kennan.

question

Britain encouraged the creation of a federated state in its former African colony of __________________, but the new nation rapidly disintegrated along racial lines into separate states.

answer

Rhodesia

question

In the aftermath of World War II, most people would have preferred simply to forget their experiences, but according to the Polish writer Heda Margolis Kovaly,

answer

it was the war that refused to be forgotten.

question

In 1955, the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe responded to the formation of NATO with the formation of the

answer

Warsaw Pact.

question

Although many intellectuals wanted to investigate the mentality of Nazism, others simply wanted people to remember. Many survivors of the concentration camps, such as _________, wanted others to know what had happened and to not forget.

answer

Primo Levi

question

Which of the following helped foster the establishment of communist states in Eastern Europe after 1945?

answer

Soviet diplomatic pressure, political infiltration, and military power.

question

In a 1947 speech to Congress, President Harry S Truman set out his policy of support for the resistance of 'free peoples' to communism by tying politics to economics; it would be a choice between 'two ways of life.' This policy was known as

answer

the Truman Doctrine.

question

Because of the mutual suspicions and political aspirations of India's Hindu-dominated Congress Party and the Muslim League, when the British finally quit India in 1947,

answer

the country was partitioned into India and Pakistan.

question

Joseph Heller's wildly popular novel Catch-22, which expresses a form of popular existentialism, is concerned with the absurdity of

answer

war.

question

Which of the following political trends was one of the long-term results of the EEC's success?

answer

Individual European nations looked to European solutions to their problems.

question

The tenets of Marxism called for a revolution by the proletariat, that is, the industrial workers. However, China was a nation of peasants, so an anticolonial adaptation of Marxism was provided during the 1940s by

answer

Mao Zedong.

question

The first organization that helped promote European economic cooperation was founded in 1951 as the

answer

European Coal and Steel Community.

question

To counter the United States' Marshall Plan in Western Europe, the Soviet Union created its own economic plan for recovery and redevelopment in Eastern Europe, known as

answer

Comecon.

question

One of the consequences of World War II that would shape European history for nearly fifty years was

answer

the emergence of two "superpowers," the United States and the Soviet Union.

question

Among other effects and results of globalization seems to be

answer

the erosion of the sovereignty of nation-states.

question

The last U.S. troops left Iraq in

answer

2011.

question

In North Africa and the Middle East, many newly emerging nations sank into corruption and cronyism while public services declined and dissent was suppressed. These systems have been referred to as

answer

kleptocracies.

question

The Middle East has drawn more attention in recent years for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

answer

Iraq's Islamic Revolution.

question

Pan-Arabists generally

answer

are secular, anticolonial nationalists promoting Arab self-reliance.

question

The Ayatollah _________, a Muslim cleric, stepped into the power vacuum in Iran after the overthrow of the West-friendly shah in 1979.

answer

Ruhollah Khomeini

question

By the late twentieth century, electronic devices had revolutionized the lives of individuals, but none to the degree of

answer

personal computers.

question

The decisive difference between the earlier terrorist organizations of the 1960s and those that developed in the 1980s and 1990s was that the newer ones were

answer

committed to a world-ending conflict that would eliminate their enemies and grant themselves martyrdom.

question

In 1978, Egypt and Israel signed a peace agreement that was brokered by the American president

answer

Jimmy Carter.

question

A typical example of the early kind of terrorist organizations formed in the 1960s is

answer

the Red Brigades.

question

Among the political Islamists who criticized the postcolonial Arab ruling elites for pursuing policies that were morally bankrupt and that polluted Islam, the most influential was

answer

Sayyid Qutb.

question

The mujahidin were religious fighters who gained their reputation battling

answer

the Soviet Union in Afghanistan.

question

In Rwanda, the tensions and ethnic hatreds that had been suppressed during Belgian colonial rule exploded into the massacre of ________ by Hutus while the Western world and the rest of Africa hesitated to intervene, even on humanitarian grounds.

answer

Tutsis

question

Since 1987, Palestinians living in Gaza and the West Bank have been carrying on a low-level fight against the Israeli security forces, a fight known as

answer

the intifada.

question

Ethnic conflicts in Indonesia that had been dormant for some time were reignited in the 1990s due to

answer

inflation and unemployment.

question

By the late twentieth century, health officials' worries that a disease would spread to epidemic proportions much more quickly due to accelerated rates of travel were confirmed by

answer

HIV.

question

The recent global economic crisis has sparked new debates in the past few years that have centered on a belief in

answer

self-regulating markets.

question

Globalization and internationalization are not synonymous, because globalization can occur

answer

quite independent of national control.

question

Although an attempt was made following World War I to safeguard individuals against nation-states, nothing was accomplished until 1948, when the United Nations adopted the

answer

Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

question

The neoliberal economics of the 1970s stressed

answer

free markets and profit incentives with restraints on budget deficits and social welfare programs.

question

Certain postcolonial regions have generated a certain amount of income and prosperity by taking advantage of profitable markets in the West, including the demand for

answer

illegal drugs.

question

The process of globalizations is a process of

answer

creating more and larger network of interconnectivity.

question

By the turn of the twenty-first century, the largest heavy industrial producer in the world was

answer

China.

question

Many of the oil-producing countries of the world have organized themselves into a cartel to regulate the production and the pricing of oil. This cartel is called the

answer

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

question

Beginning in December 2010, a wave of popular protest and insurrections exploded in the Arab Middle East that is referred to as the

answer

Arab Spring.

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