Federal Govt Chapter 5 – Flashcards
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What did the Supreme Court rule in Bowers v. Hardwick
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There was no constitutional right to privacy for consensual homosexual activity.
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Which of the following are names of Latino civil rights organizations
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G.I. Forum, LULAC, MALDEF
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In the University of Michigan affirmative action cases, the Supreme Court
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upheld mechanical point systems for university admissions but rejected highly individualized affirmative action policies. rejected mechanical point systems for university admissions but upheld highly individualized affirmative action policies that were designed to promote diversity. asserted for the first time that affirmative action policies would be subject to strict scrutiny. declared that affirmative action policies would no longer be subject to strict scrutiny.
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Which of the following best describes the federal courts' trend toward school desegregation in the 1990s
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The courts decreased the federal supervision of local school desegregation.
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Which statement about the Reconstruction era is false
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African American voters supported the Democratic Party
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What happened to California's Proposition 187?
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A federal court declared most of it a violation of the U.S. Constitution.
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One step taken toward the desegregation of public schools was
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busing children from poor urban school districts to wealthier suburban ones.
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Which area of discrimination was touched by the legal principles of Brown v. Board of Education?
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public schools
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"Strict scrutiny" is the level of judicial review the federal courts give to all cases that involve
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Racial Classification
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Which city was the setting for a major racial confrontation concerning school busing?
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Boston Miami New Orleans Dallas
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The Supreme Court's decision in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. was significant because
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it ultimately led Congress to pass a new law giving workers expanded rights to sue in cases where they learn of discriminatory treatment well after it has started. It ruled that state-sponsored schools must be open to both men and women. it struck down Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act as unconstitutional. it signaled that the Court would no longer hear cases on sexual harassment.
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Before the 1920s, what was the political status of Native Americans?
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they had no political status
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What forbade workplace discrimination based on race?
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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The NAACP had the most success with which political strategies for combating racism?
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lawsuits
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The attempt to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment was an important struggle for
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women
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It was during the tenure of Chief Justice ______ that the Supreme Court established gender discrimination as a highly visible area of civil rights law.
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Burger
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The first slaves were brought to what would become the United States in
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1619.
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What goal did members of the abolitionist movement pursue?
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the end of slavery
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The Seneca Falls Convention was significant because it
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marked the starting point of the modern women's movement.
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Why did President Dwight Eisenhower deploy federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957?
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The governor of Arkansas requested that the state's National Guard help resist
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Under what conditions can a plaintiff successfully bring a sexual harassment charge?
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the plaintiff need prove neither economic nor psychological harm
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Who said, "Your denial of my citizen's right to vote is the denial of my right of consent as one of the governed, the denial of my right of representation as one of the taxed, the denial of my right to a trial of my peers as an offender against the law"?
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Susan B. Anthony
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The Reconstruction era in the South came to an end because
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African Americans had been granted full social, political, and economic equality in the South. In 1876, state legislatures from around the South passed laws forcing the federal government to remove all troops immediately. the Supreme Court ruled that federal troops could not be stationed in Southern states under the Constitution. Northern Republicans agreed to remove federal troops from the South and give up on their support for civil liberties if Southern Democrats allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to become president.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was
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the first civil rights bill Congress had passed since Reconstruction. the last civil rights bill passed by Congress. the fourth civil rights bill passed by Congress since Brown v. Board of Education. the second civil rights bill passed by Congress since World War II. the first civil rights bill Congress ever passed.
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What does the term Jim Crow refer to?
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the system of racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction
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Which of the following statements best describes the impact of the Voting Rights Act on voter registration in southern states?
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The gap between the percentage of whites registering to vote and the percentage of blacks registering to vote DECLINED significantly after passage of the Voting Rights Act.
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When did civil rights become part of the U.S. Constitution?
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Civil rights were incorporated with the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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What was the Supreme Court's record in segregation cases in the years before Brown v. Board of Education?
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The Court overturned forms of segregation using the separate but equal rule on factual grounds.
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Which of the following statements about the abolitionist movement is false?
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The movement focused most of its energies on eliminating slavery in New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.
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During the late 1940s and 1950s, ______ was the head lawyer for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund.
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Thurgood Marshall
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What was the Supreme Court's response to the Civil Rights Act of 1876?
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It declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination, not state discrimination. The Supreme Court never heard a case concerning the constitutionality of this act. It declared the act unconstitutional because Congress had violated the separation of powers. It declared the act constitutional. It declared the act unconstitutional because Congress had violated the principles of federalism.
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In the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress vastly expanded the role of the executive branch and the credibility of court orders by
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requiring that federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments for education be withheld from any school system practicing racial segregation.
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United States v. Wong Kim Ark is an important case because it declared that
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Asian American children could not go to school with white students. anyone born in the United States was entitled to be a citizen. English was not the official language of the United States. the Exclusion Act was unconstitutional.
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A 1948 report on the problem of racial discrimination, To Secure These Rights, was issued by
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the White House
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In 1870, Congress passed a law forbidding which of the following immigrant groups from becoming U.S. citizens?
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Chinese
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During World War II, ______ forced the federal government to address discriminatory hiring practices by threatening massive labor marches on Washington, D.C.
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A. Philip Randolph
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In their response to Brown v. Board of Education, southern states did all of the following except
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quickly desegregate their schools
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What was the Supreme Court's ruling in Shelley v. Kraemer?
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Racially restrictive covenants on housing could not be enforced by courts.
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In a case of workplace discrimination, which government institution would most likely handle the complaint?
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the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail to pass?
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It was not ratified by the necessary thirty-eight states.
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What was the purpose of California's Proposition 187?
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It barred unauthorized immigrants from receiving most public services.
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Which amendments to the U.S. Constitution seemed to offer African Americans the most hope for achieving full citizenship rights in the United States?
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the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments
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Ten years after Brown v. Board of Education, ______ percent of black children in the Deep South attended school with white children.
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1
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Suffragists called the Statue of Liberty "the greatest hypocrisy of the nineteenth century" because
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it was supposed to represent "liberty," yet women could not vote in the United States.
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How many civil rights acts were passed during the first decade after the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education?
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1 3 10 0
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What was the ultimate destination of the Underground Railroad?
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Canada
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Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education?
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Racially segregated schools can never be equal and therefore violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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What does the term redlining refer to?
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the practice of banks refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods
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Which of the following did the President's Commission on Civil Rights not discuss in its report, To Secure These Rights?
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the consequences of affirmative action in university admissions on African Americans the result of experiments with racial integration in the armed forces during World War II the extent of the problem of racial discrimination a proposal to tie civil rights legislation to the commerce power of Congress a proposal to use the treaty power as a source of authority for civil rights legislation
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Which group was excluded from immigrating to the United States from the late nineteenth century until the 1940s?
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Northern migration of African Americans increased their voting strength.
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What best explains the increased attention the federal government paid to the problem of racial discrimination during the 1940s?
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Northern migration of African Americans increased their voting strength.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to
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protect African Americans from discrimination in public accommodations like hotels and theaters.
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Which of the following statements best describes the number of peaceful civil rights demonstrations during the 1950s and 1960s?
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There were almost no demonstrations during the 1950s and 1960s. There were almost no demonstrations prior to 1968. The number of demonstrations grew in the early 1960s and peaked in 1965. There were many demonstrations in the mid-1950s and many demonstrations in the late 1960s but none in between.
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Legally enforced segregation in public schools is a form of ______ discrimination.
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de jure
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Which of the following statements about gender equality is false?
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Women currently make up a larger percentage of college students than men. The percentage of female representatives in state legislatures has declined over the last twenty years. Women currently make up a smaller percentage of representatives in Congress than men. The percentage of female representatives in Congress has increased over the last thirty years.
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How did the Supreme Court justify its decision to strike down the southern practice of "white primaries?"
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It claimed that parties were "an agency of the State," and therefore any practice of discrimination against blacks was a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. It claimed that the practice violated the reserved powers clause of the Tenth Amendment. It claimed that separate but equal elections were inherently unequal and, therefore, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. It claimed that the practice infringed upon Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. It claimed that only the federal government had the authority to conduct primaries under the Constitution.
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Which statement best describes the path to women's suffrage in the United States?
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Some states granted women the right to vote first, and then a constitutional amendment gave all women the right to vote.
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What is the key question behind civil rights protection?
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What is the proper meaning of equality?
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Which of the following was not used as a way to limit the electoral influence of African Americans?
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restrictive covenants
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In ______, the Supreme Court permitted busing children as a way of bringing about desegregation of schools.
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1971
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California Proposition 209 was designed to
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redraw congressional districts to ensure more minority representation in Congress. prevent unauthorized immigrants from benefiting from state affirmative action programs. achieve representativeness in California universities by instituting a quota system for admissions. outlaw all affirmative action programs in state and local government. include sexual orientation in the state's affirmative action programs.
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The Supreme Court case Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (1992) is important because it
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asserted that monetary damages could not be awarded for acts of gender discrimination in education.
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The rights of disabled individuals to both access public businesses and not be discriminated against in employment are guaranteed by
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the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
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What was the Seneca Falls Convention?
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a meeting in upstate New York during the mid-nineteenth century regarding women's rights
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______ was one of the founders of the NAACP.
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W. E. B. Du Bois
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The Fair Housing Act of 1968
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had little effect on housing segregation because it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1969. had little effect on housing segregation because its enforcement mechanisms were very weak. dramatically increased housing segregation. had little effect on housing segregation because most housing segregation had been eliminated by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
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To draw voting districts so that one group or party is unfairly advantaged is called
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gerrymandeling
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In Lawrence v. Texas, the Supreme Court
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struck down a state law criminalizing homosexual conduct.
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Why did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) rely primarily on the courts to press for black political rights in its early years?
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The northern black vote was too small to bring about policy change at the legislative level, so the organization chose a strategy of litigation.
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Women were guaranteed the right to vote with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, which was ratified in
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1920
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Title IX of the 1972 Education Act has had its greatest effect on
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university athletic programs.
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The constitutional authority of Congress to forbid discrimination in employment is based on the
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power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce.
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The right to vote was strengthened in 1975 when Congress
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made literacy tests illegal and mandated bilingual ballots or other assistance for non-English-speaking Americans.
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In dealing with the issue of gays in the military, President Bill Clinton established a
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"don't ask, don't tell" policy
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Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
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had no effect on the women's movement of the 1960s and 1970s. was a valuable tool for the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it added the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution. was a valuable tool for the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it prohibited gender discrimination. significantly hurt the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it required government to treat men and women differently in many areas of public policy. significantly hurt the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it only outlawed discrimination on the basis of race.??
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What did the Thirteenth Amendment accomplish?
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it abolished slavery
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During the late nineteenth century, the equal protection clause was
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severely limited in scope by the Supreme Court.??? more strongly defended by individual states than by the federal government. ruled to be unconstitutional. used as a strong tool for engineering racial equality. not implemented because of a lack of tax revenue.
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The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees
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the right to vote for African American men.
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The Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson declared that
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upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1875. established the separate but equal rule. ruled that the equal protection clause did not cover private acts of discrimination. ruled that the equal protection clause applied only to the federal government and not to state governments.
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Desegregating schools in northern states proved to be difficult because
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segregation in the North was generally de facto, the product of both segregated housing and acts of private discrimination that were hard to prove.
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In ______, Martin Luther King, JR., delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
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1963
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In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that
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quotas and separate admissions standards for minorities were unconstitutional but affirm...
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After World War II, which government institution first began drawing attention to the problem of racism in America?
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the White House
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The 1947 federal court case Mendez v. Westminster was significant because
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its decision to overturn school segregation of Mexican American students in California served as a precursor to Brown v. Board of Education
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Which area was not covered by the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
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public accommodations school desegregation employment military service
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The American experience with civil rights suggests which of the following things about political change in the United States?
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Political change can only be achieved when citizens bypass the courts and the legislatures entirely. The legislatures are far more powerful than the courts and, therefore, can advance political change on their own. The courts are far more powerful than the legislature and, therefore, can advance political change on their own. Legislatures need constitutional authority to act from the courts, and the courts need legislative assistance to implement court orders and focus political support.
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What is the name for school segregation that results from racially divided neighborhoods rather than state laws?
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habeas corpus ex post facto de facto de jure
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Who inaugurated government affirmative action programs?
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Ronald Reagan Franklin Roosevelt Lyndon Johnson Richard Nixon
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The Supreme Court's decisions on school desegregation policies since 1991 generally suggest that
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the Court will refuse to hear any cases in the future about desegregation plans. the Court will uphold all desegregation plans involving white suburban schools that lag behind predominantly minority schools. the Court will be willing to end desegregation plans even when predominantly minority schools continue to lag significantly behind white suburban schools. the Court will always uphold all desegregation plans, regardless of the schools involve.
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What was the Supreme Court's response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
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It declared the act unconstitutional because Congress had violated the principles of federalism. It declared the act constitutional. It declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination, not state discrimination. The Supreme Court never heard a case concerning the constitutionality of this act.
