EXP3403C Chapter 5 – Flashcards

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Donald Zimmerman found that a buzzer became a positive reinforcer after it was repeatedly paired with ______.
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water
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The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert may have involved operant as well as Pavlovian learning because the loud noise ______.
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occurred as Albert reached for the rat
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All of the following are recognized kinds of reinforcers except ______.
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classical
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Secondary reinforcers are also called _______ reinforcers.
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conditioned
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The experimental chamber developed by Skinner is often called a _________.
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Skinner Box
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Operant learning probably always involves Pavlovian conditioning as well.
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True
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________ gave Skinner's experimental chamber the name, "Skinner box."
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Clark Hull
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Reinforcement is often said to increase the frequency of a behavior, but research suggestss that any feature of a behavior (e.g., intensity, duration, form, etc.) can be strengthened if a reinforcer can be made contingent on that feature.
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True
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The Premack principle says that reinforcement involves _______.
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a relation between behaviors
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Positive reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior.
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True
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Another term for operant is instrumental.
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True
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Positive reinforcement is sometimes called ______ learning.
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reward
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Positive reinforcement is sometimes called _______.
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reward learning
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Money is a good example of a _______ reinforcer.
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generalized
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Thorndike complained that _______ evidence provided a "supernormal psychology of animals."
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anecdotal
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________ demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing.
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Olds and Milner
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The opposite of a conditioned reinforcer is a ______.
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primary reinforcer
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Operant learning is sometimes called ________ learning.
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instrumental
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Thorndike emphasized that we learn mainly from _______.
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success
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The one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they _______.
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strengthen behavior
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Sylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to high probability behavior. Sylvia is most likely an advocate of _______ theory.
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relative value
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Thorndike made important contributions to all of the following fields except _____.
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social psychology
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Unexpected reinforcers produce more dopamine than expected reinforcers.
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True
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With reinforcement, it is easy for a person to lower his blood pressure
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False
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Operant learning may also be referred to as _______.
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instrumental learning
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Douglas Anger proposed that there is a signal in the Sidman avoidance procedure. The signal is ________.
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Time
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According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by _______.
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a reduction in the number of aversive events
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_______ reinforcers are those that have been arranged by someone.
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Contrived
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Negative reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior.
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True
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According to Skinner, people are rewarded, but behavior is reinforced.
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True
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Schlinger and Blakely found that the reinforcing power of a delayed reinforcer could be increased by ________.
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preceding the reinforcer with a stimulus
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Negative reinforcement is sometimes called ______ learning.
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Escape avoidance
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An action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a ______.
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motivating operation
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The level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a(n) _________reinforcer.
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Secondary
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The area of the brain that seems to be associated with reinforcement is called the reward _______.
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pathway/ circuit
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Vomiting is ordinarily an involuntary response, but sometimes it can be modified by operant procedures.
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True
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Negative reinforcement and punishment are synonyms
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False
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_______ theory assumes that a behavior becomes reinforcing when we are prevented from performing it as ofen as we normally would.
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Response deprivation
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In _______ _ a response is followed by the withdrawal of, or reduction in the intensity of, an aversive stimulus.
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Negative reinforcement
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People can learn to behave randomly provided that reinforcers are made contingent on random acts.
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True
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Premack's name is most logically associated with _______.
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relative value theory
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Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except _______.
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the consequence of the behavior must be positive
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Reinforcers such as praise, positive feedback, and smiles are called ______ reinforcers.
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Secondary/conditioned
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The _______ principle states that high probability behavior reinforces low probability behavior.
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Premack
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Operant learning is often described as trial-and-error learning, but Thorndike argued that behavior was selected by ______.
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success
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Negative reinforcement is also called _______.
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escape-avoidance training
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The author of your text calls Skinner the ______.
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Darwin of behavior science
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Clark Hull's explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers _____.
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reduce a drive
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A general assumption of behavioral research is that any feature of a behavior may be strengthened by reinforcement, so long as reinforcement can be made contingent on that feature
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True
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In operant learning, the word contingency usually refers to the degree of correlation between a behavior and a consequence.
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True
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Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of ______.
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contiguity
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The more you increase the size of a reinforcer, the less benefit you get from the increase.
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True
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In one of Thorndike's puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box. Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that ________.
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treadle stepping increased because it had a "satisfying effect"
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Studies demonstrate that operant learning is as effective with involuntary behavior, such as the salivary reflex, as it is with voluntary behavior
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False
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Mary decides to try to modify Pearl's behavior (see above item). She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English. For example, if during dinner she says, "Pass the potatoes" in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored. The procedure being used to change Pearl's behavior is ______.
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positive reinforcement
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Pavlovian and operant learning often occur together.
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True
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Clark Hull's name is associated with the _______ theory of reinforcement.
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drive-reduction
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_____is a neurotransmitter that seems to be important in reinforcement.
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Dopamine
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The number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is ______.
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four
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According to ___________ theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise.
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response deprivation
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Skinner describes some of his most important research in _______.
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The Behavior of Organisms
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