question

Donald Zimmerman found that a buzzer became a positive reinforcer after it was repeatedly paired with ______.

answer

water

question

The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert may have involved operant as well as Pavlovian learning because the loud noise ______.

answer

occurred as Albert reached for the rat

question

All of the following are recognized kinds of reinforcers except ______.

answer

classical

question

Secondary reinforcers are also called _______ reinforcers.

answer

conditioned

question

The experimental chamber developed by Skinner is often called a _________.

answer

Skinner Box

question

Operant learning probably always involves Pavlovian conditioning as well.

answer

True

question

________ gave Skinner's experimental chamber the name, "Skinner box."

answer

Clark Hull

question

Reinforcement is often said to increase the frequency of a behavior, but research suggestss that any feature of a behavior (e.g., intensity, duration, form, etc.) can be strengthened if a reinforcer can be made contingent on that feature.

answer

True

question

The Premack principle says that reinforcement involves _______.

answer

a relation between behaviors

question

Positive reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior.

answer

True

question

Another term for operant is instrumental.

answer

True

question

Positive reinforcement is sometimes called ______ learning.

answer

reward

question

Positive reinforcement is sometimes called _______.

answer

reward learning

question

Money is a good example of a _______ reinforcer.

answer

generalized

question

Thorndike complained that _______ evidence provided a "supernormal psychology of animals."

answer

anecdotal

question

________ demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing.

answer

Olds and Milner

question

The opposite of a conditioned reinforcer is a ______.

answer

primary reinforcer

question

Operant learning is sometimes called ________ learning.

answer

instrumental

question

Thorndike emphasized that we learn mainly from _______.

answer

success

question

The one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they _______.

answer

strengthen behavior

question

Sylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to high probability behavior. Sylvia is most likely an advocate of _______ theory.

answer

relative value

question

Thorndike made important contributions to all of the following fields except _____.

answer

social psychology

question

Unexpected reinforcers produce more dopamine than expected reinforcers.

answer

True

question

With reinforcement, it is easy for a person to lower his blood pressure

answer

False

question

Operant learning may also be referred to as _______.

answer

instrumental learning

question

Douglas Anger proposed that there is a signal in the Sidman avoidance procedure. The signal is ________.

answer

Time

question

According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by _______.

answer

a reduction in the number of aversive events

question

_______ reinforcers are those that have been arranged by someone.

answer

Contrived

question

Negative reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior.

answer

True

question

According to Skinner, people are rewarded, but behavior is reinforced.

answer

True

question

Schlinger and Blakely found that the reinforcing power of a delayed reinforcer could be increased by ________.

answer

preceding the reinforcer with a stimulus

question

Negative reinforcement is sometimes called ______ learning.

answer

Escape avoidance

question

An action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a ______.

answer

motivating operation

question

The level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a(n) _________reinforcer.

answer

Secondary

question

The area of the brain that seems to be associated with reinforcement is called the reward _______.

answer

pathway/ circuit

question

Vomiting is ordinarily an involuntary response, but sometimes it can be modified by operant procedures.

answer

True

question

Negative reinforcement and punishment are synonyms

answer

False

question

_______ theory assumes that a behavior becomes reinforcing when we are prevented from performing it as ofen as we normally would.

answer

Response deprivation

question

In _______ _ a response is followed by the withdrawal of, or reduction in the intensity of, an aversive stimulus.

answer

Negative reinforcement

question

People can learn to behave randomly provided that reinforcers are made contingent on random acts.

answer

True

question

Premack's name is most logically associated with _______.

answer

relative value theory

question

Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except _______.

answer

the consequence of the behavior must be positive

question

Reinforcers such as praise, positive feedback, and smiles are called ______ reinforcers.

answer

Secondary/conditioned

question

The _______ principle states that high probability behavior reinforces low probability behavior.

answer

Premack

question

Operant learning is often described as trial-and-error learning, but Thorndike argued that behavior was selected by ______.

answer

success

question

Negative reinforcement is also called _______.

answer

escape-avoidance training

question

The author of your text calls Skinner the ______.

answer

Darwin of behavior science

question

Clark Hull's explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers _____.

answer

reduce a drive

question

A general assumption of behavioral research is that any feature of a behavior may be strengthened by reinforcement, so long as reinforcement can be made contingent on that feature

answer

True

question

In operant learning, the word contingency usually refers to the degree of correlation between a behavior and a consequence.

answer

True

question

Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of ______.

answer

contiguity

question

The more you increase the size of a reinforcer, the less benefit you get from the increase.

answer

True

question

In one of Thorndike's puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box. Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that ________.

answer

treadle stepping increased because it had a "satisfying effect"

question

Studies demonstrate that operant learning is as effective with involuntary behavior, such as the salivary reflex, as it is with voluntary behavior

answer

False

question

Mary decides to try to modify Pearl's behavior (see above item). She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English. For example, if during dinner she says, "Pass the potatoes" in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored. The procedure being used to change Pearl's behavior is ______.

answer

positive reinforcement

question

Pavlovian and operant learning often occur together.

answer

True

question

Clark Hull's name is associated with the _______ theory of reinforcement.

answer

drive-reduction

question

_____is a neurotransmitter that seems to be important in reinforcement.

answer

Dopamine

question

The number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is ______.

answer

four

question

According to ___________ theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise.

answer

response deprivation

question

Skinner describes some of his most important research in _______.

answer

The Behavior of Organisms

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