question

Patterns of behavior that signal problems in preschool are

answer

frequent conflicts and aloofness from others.

question

Each of the following is a reason why early, comprehensive, intense, and sustained intervention is so rare EXCEPT

answer

familiarity with the early signs of problems.

question

It is difficult to design a special education program for E/BD at the secondary level because

answer

this category of youths is so varied.

question

All credible conceptual models of education have the same objectives. They are

answer

controlling misbehavior and teaching academic and social skills.

question

Each of the following statements regarding the need to balance behavioral control with academic and social learning is true EXCEPT

answer

Excellent academic instruction has been shown to eliminate most disruptive behaviors.

question

Susan and Mike are looking to place their son, Max, in an effective educational program for students with E/BD. They should select a program that includes all of the following elements EXCEPT

answer

emphasis on intensive, short-term intervention.

question

The trend today in placement of children with E/BD is away from special facilities and toward

answer

inclusion in regular public schools.

question

Each of the following is true of instructional considerations for students with E/BD EXCEPT

answer

Incidental social learning is sufficient and preferred to address social difficulties.

question

Increasingly, researchers recognize that problem behavior occurs less frequently in the classroom when

answer

the teacher is offering effective instruction.

question

All of the following are controversial concepts specific to discipline of students with disabilities EXCEPT

answer

use of corporal punishment.

question

An approach to dealing with discipline problems that focuses on research-validated practices and recognizes the "value of nonviolent negative consequences" is

answer

positive behavioral intervention and support.

question

Bert is a nine-year-old boy with E/BD. If he is like the average child with E/BD, his IQ probably falls in which range on standardized tests?

answer

dull-normal 90

question

The most common problems exhibited by children with E/BD are

answer

conduct disorders.

question

Aggression is encouraged by all of the following EXCEPT

answer

reinforcement for nonaggressive behavior.

question

In the Garrity and colleagues program for reducing bullying in schools, the "caring majority" refers to

answer

the group of students who neither bully nor get bullied.

question

Behavioral psychologists tend to attribute withdrawal and immaturity to

answer

failures in social learning.

question

The causes of E/BD have been attributed to each of the following EXCEPT

answer

membership in a particular cultural group.

question

In the majority of cases, the cause of E/BD is

answer

unknown.

question

In cases of severe E/BD, each of the following is true EXCEPT

answer

There is valid research showing that parenting behavior causes children's problems.

question

Each of the following cultural conditions may predispose children to develop E/BD EXCEPT

answer

a child's temperament.

question

The term used in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) that has been criticized as inappropriate is

answer

emotionally disturbed.

question

Which one of the following features is common to most definitions of E/BD?

answer

socially unacceptable behavior

question

The federal definition of E/BD has been most widely criticized for its exclusion of children with

answer

social maladjustment.

question

Two broad dimensions of behavior disorders are

answer

externalizing and internalizing.

question

Comorbidity in persons with E/BD is

answer

not unusual.

question

What percentage of the school-aged population exhibits serious and persistent emotional/behavioral problems, according to credible studies in the U.S. and other countries?

answer

6-10%

question

According to the National Research Council, each of the following is considered an essential feature of effective educational programs for preschool children with autistic spectrum disorders EXCEPT

answer

active engagement in intensive instructional programming for at least 10 hours per week. low student/teacher ratios in the classroom. inclusion of a family component, including parent training. entry into intervention programs as soon as diagnosis is seriously considered.

question

In many ways, outcomes for persons with autism are similar to those with

answer

intellectual disabilities.

question

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) includes each of the following components EXCEPT

answer

limited use of reinforcement. focus on functional skills. require continuous assessment of progress. using structured lessons.

question

Educators of students with autistic spectrum disorder are putting increasing emphasis on applying behavioral psychology in

answer

natural settings and natural interactions

question

What is currently the most popular placement for students with autism?

answer

self-contained classroom

question

The process by which one alerts another to a stimulus via nonverbal means, such as gazing or pointing, is called

answer

joint attention.

question

The desire to communicate for social reasons is

answer

communicative intent.

question

Which of the following statements about intelligence and autism is true?

answer

The majority of individuals with autism display cognitive deficits similar to those with intellectual disabilities.

question

What percentage of the population of those with autism is thought to be autistic savant?

answer

about 10%

question

A mixing of sensory or cognitive systems whereby stimulation of one elicits stimulation of the other is

answer

synaesthesia.

question

People with Asperger Syndrome tend to be

answer

overly literal and focused on logic over emotion.

question

The three most prominent theories that identify the major impairments attributed to autism spectrum disorders include each of the following EXCEPT

answer

family systems. executive functions. weak central coherence. theory of mind.

question

The natural inclination for most people to bring order and meaning to information in their environment by perceiving it as a meaningful whole rather than as disparate parts is

answer

central coherence.

question

During the 1960s, which idea was popular among professionals trying to explain autism?

answer

psychoanalytic idea that attributes cause to parents

question

Each of the following supports a neurological basis for autism EXCEPT

answer

Studies show that when one sibling is diagnosed with autism, the chances are much higher that another sibling has autism. People with autism have a high incidence of brain seizures and cognitive deficits. People with autism may have experienced sudden, excessive brain growth followed by a deceleration in growth. Postmortem and neurological imaging studies have implicated several areas of the brain that differ from those of people without disabilities.

question

Which of the following statements illustrates evidence for autism having a hereditary component?

answer

Identical twins are much more likely to both have autism than are fraternal twins.

question

What percentage of children with autism appears to experience autistic regression?

answer

20-47%

question

Each of the following is a misconception about autism spectrum disorders EXCEPT

answer

There is no evidence that bad parenting causes autism. People with autism spectrum disorders are all intellectually disabled. It is a single, well-defined category of disability. People with autism are impaired in some cognitive areas but are highly intelligent or geniuses in others.

question

The words ʺautisticʺ and ʺautismʺ come from the Greek word autos, meaning

answer

self

question

Kannerʹs research with a group of children he called ʺautisticʺ indicated that these children could be set apart from children with schizophrenia in each of the following ways EXCEPT

answer

Children with schizophrenia exhibited bizarre, repetitive physical movement. Children with autism exhibited unique language patterns, such as echolalia. Children with schizophrenia withdrew from the world at some point, while children with autism had no social connections to begin with. Children with schizophrenia tended to deteriorate in their functioning over time, while children with autism did not.

question

Asperger referred to the children he studied as having

answer

autistic psychopathy.

question

A condition that is much like autism but usually without significant delays in cognition and language is

answer

Asperger syndrome.

question

Each of the following is included within autism spectrum disorders EXCEPT

answer

autistic-like disorder. childhood disintegrative disorder. Asperger syndrome. pervasive developmental disorder.

question

A condition characterized by normal development for at least 2 and up to 10 years, followed by a significant loss of skills is

answer

childhood disintegrative disorder.

question

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, how many people have an autism spectrum disorder?

answer

about 1 out of 110

question

Which statement about the prevalence rate of ASD is TRUE?

answer

It is 4 times higher for boys than girls.

question

Planning for transition to adulthood for people with Asperger syndrome is largely concerned with issues of

answer

social interaction.

question

Functional behavioral assessment is used to reduce or eliminate negative behaviors. The purposes the behaviors serve for a person are

answer

consequences.

question

The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) focuses on

answer

improving relatively severe language problems.

question

Two critical areas of assessment for students with autism spectrum disorders are

answer

progress in language development and social/adaptive behavior.

question

Each of the following is a characteristic that applies generally to individuals who may be said to exhibit autism spectrum disorder EXCEPT

answer

broad range of interests impaired social responsiveness. impaired communication. stereotyped and ritualistic behavior.

question

Children with autism have impaired communication; as many as 50 percent are thought to

answer

be mute

question

Repetitive, ritualistic motor movements such as twirling, flapping hands, and rocking are known as

answer

stereotypic behaviors.

question

Jeremy has severe autism. He does not interact with others socially and his intellectual functioning appears to be very low. However, Jeremy has extraordinary ability as a pianist (though he is not interested in performing for other people). Which term best describes Jeremy?

answer

autistic savant

question

A person whose sensory perceptions are so abnormal that he or she could appear to be deaf or blind would be

answer

hyporesponsive

question

The social skills that are not taught directly but people are assumed to know, or social rules or conventions that most of us learn incidentally, are what is referred to as the

answer

hidden curriculum

question

The way people use language in social situations is

answer

pragmatics.

question

Executive functions include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

ability to conceptualize stimuli as a whole. self-regulation of emotions. working memory. the ability to plan ahead.

question

Jean is a young woman with Asperger syndrome. Her coworker recently lost a family member to cancer. Jean expounded on her knowledge of the cause and effects of the illness, but did not offer condolences, nor did she notice the discomfort she was causing her coworker. Jean's inability to perceive the feelings or to understand the emotional state of her coworker is related to

answer

theory of mind.

question

Which term was once commonly applied to mothers of children with autism?

answer

refrigerator moms

question

Which statement about the causes of autism spectrum disorder is true?

answer

Scientists have established unequivocally that the cause is neurological.

question

Neurological research that involves the brain and head size of people with autism strongly suggests that for many

answer

their brains grow suddenly and excessively in the first two years of life.

question

Most children with autism can be diagnosed by the age of

answer

3 years

question

The seminal work in the field of autism began in what year?

answer

1943

question

One characteristic that distinguished children studied by Kanner was

answer

an inability to relate to others in an ordinary manner.

question

Asperger identified children who had

answer

average intelligence but channeled their intellectual pursuits into obsessive preoccupation in narrow areas.

question

Which term is used to describe disorders similar in many ways to autism?

answer

autism spectrum disorder

question

According to the APA, in order to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, an individual must meet each of these criteria EXCEPT

answer

evidence of echolalia, a unique language pattern with repetition of words and phrases

question

A condition in which persons display behaviors typical of autism but to a lesser degree and/or with an onset later than 3 years of age is

answer

pervasive developmental disorder.

question

Most scientists argue that the dramatic increase in prevalence statistics for autism is due to each of the following EXCEPT

answer

widespread use of vaccinations for babies. a widening of the criteria used for diagnosis. ʺdiagnostic substitutionʺ (diagnosing with autism rather than intellectual disability). a greater awareness of autism in general.

question

Jeremy is a four-year-old boy who makes infantile noises and uses gestures to request objects. He displays

answer

prelinguistic communication.

question

Ideally, early intervention in the area of speech and language development should begin

answer

during the first few months of life.

question

Each of the following statements about adolescents and adults with speech and language problems is true EXCEPT

answer

The loss of the ability to speak is typically more disabling than the loss of the ability to use language.

question

Which one of the following is an example of an alternative question-asking strategy?

answer

reducing the complexity of a question

question

The ability to transfer written words into speech is

answer

decoding.

question

Which of the following statements about written language development is true?

answer

As students progress throughout the grades, written language takes on increasing importance.

question

To document outcomes based on individual intervention plans, speech-language pathologists use demographic and diagnostic data along with a series of scales that measure

answer

functional communication.

question

Which of the following statements about communication variations is true?

answer

Someone with a language difference that is a disorder has difficulty communicating even in his or her home language community.

question

According to typical development, by what age are all American English speech sounds acquired?

answer

8 years

question

The social interaction, or pragmatic, theory of language development suggests that

answer

the natural environment may be arranged to teach more effective language.

question

Language disorders are generally classified according to two dimensions:

answer

domain and etiology.

question

Specific language impairment refers to

answer

language disorders with no identifiable cause.

question

A failure of the child to understand the sound system of language at an age-appropriate level and in a culturally appropriate way represents

answer

phonological disorders.

question

Which one of the following is an articulation disorder?

answer

lisping

question

Causes of voice disorders include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

chicken pox.

question

What percentage of children and adults in this country are considered stutterers?

answer

1%

question

A disorder due to brain damage that affects a person's respiratory support for making speech sounds is

answer

dysarthria

question

Communication requires

answer

encoding and decoding.

question

The communication of ideas through an arbitrary system of symbols used according to certain rules that determine meaning is

answer

language.

question

Decoding, or understanding messages, is referred to as

answer

receptive language.

question

Phonology refers to linguistic rules governing

answer

sound combinations.

question

A language disorder that involves problems with functional and socially appropriate communication is

answer

pragmatics.

question

All of the following are examples of speech disorders EXCEPT

answer

semantic disorder.

question

Approximately what percentage of children identified for special education receives services primarily for speech or language disorders?

answer

20%

question

Approximately what percentage of students in elementary and secondary grades is thought to have speech disorders?

answer

5%

question

Much of a child's language and social development depend on two characteristics of language interaction the child has with care givers. What are the characteristics?

answer

nature and quantity of the language

question

Which procedure most closely resembles ʺmilieu teaching?ʺ

answer

Fiona requests a ball from her teacher who asks ʺWhat do you want to do with the ball?ʺ The teacher gives Fiona the ball only when she replies to the question.

question

Jennie is a preschooler with delayed language development. Language intervention at this level generally focuses on

answer

discourse.

question

Which condition reduces the effectiveness of strategy training for adolescents with speech and language disorders?

answer

poor reading skills

question

The primary role of the classroom teacher is to facilitate development of which aspect of language?

answer

pragmatics

question

Students with communication disorders may have trouble with stories about ideas or events one has experienced or thought about, called

answer

personal narratives.

question

All of the following are guidelines that teachers and parents can follow when talking with children with speech and language disorders EXCEPT

answer

Lead the discussion.

question

Methods of progress monitoring that involve a cycle of teaching, followed by testing, and then reteaching as necessary are

answer

dynamic assessments.

question

Which one of the following is the best example of a language variation?

answer

African American English

question

Which statement is true concerning the comparison between the language of a normally developing child and one with a language disorder?

answer

The sequence of development is similar, but milestones are reached at later years by the child with a disorder.

question

The theory that language depends on brain development and proper brain functioning and that language disorders resulting from brain dysfunction can sometimes be compensated for is the theory of

answer

biological maturation.

question

At present, which theory of communication is considered to have the most direct implications for speech-language pathologists and teachers?

answer

pragmatic or social interaction

question

Each of the following statements about classification of language disorders is true EXCEPT

answer

Difficulty in using language in social interactions and relationships is an exclusive feature of secondary language disorders.

question

An example of a primary language disorder is a/an

answer

early expressive language delay.

question

Articulation disorders

answer

involve errors in sound production.

question

The dimensions of voice are

answer

pitch, loudness, and quality (resonance).

question

The most common fluency disorder is

answer

stuttering.

question

Due to a brain injury, Henry has difficulty selecting and sequencing speech. He knows he makes errors and what he wants to say, but simply cannot. Henry's condition is

answer

acquired apraxia.

question

Requesting objects, rejecting interactions, sharing ideas, and seeking social interaction are examples of

answer

communicative function.

question

Encoding, or sending messages, is referred to as

answer

expressive language.

question

The neuromuscular activity of forming and sequencing the sounds of oral language is called

answer

speech.

question

The meanings and concepts people attach to words and sentences are referred to as

answer

semantics

question

Janice has a speech disorder which causes her to speak extremely slowly. This is a disorder of

answer

fluency.

question

It is difficult to estimate the prevalence of communication disorders primarily because

answer

there is so much overlap with other categories of disability.

question

Approximately what percentage of students in elementary and secondary grades is thought to have a language disorder?

answer

1%

question

Children with deafness who have parents who are also deaf

answer

develop ASL at a rate similar to the rate at which hearing infants develop English.

question

Until the mid-1960s the only institution specifically for postsecondary education of students with hearing impairments was

answer

Gallaudet.

question

National statistics indicate that 95 percent of adults who are deaf choose deaf spouses. What percentage of the offspring from these marriages has normal hearing?

answer

90%

question

Teaching people with hearing impairments to use visual information (such as facial expressions) to understand what is being said to them is

answer

speechreading.

question

Each of the following statements about signing English systems is true EXCEPT

answer

They are more fluent than ASL.

question

FM systems are used in conjunction with hearing aids to

answer

amplify sound.

question

ATT is a device for

answer

communicating via telephone.

question

In recent years, many parents and professionals have questioned the trend toward inclusion of children with hearing impairment because

answer

it reduces their opportunity to participate in the signing community.

question

Which statement about the assessment of progress of students who have hearing impairments is true?

answer

Most standardized assessments are biased towards the majority culture.

question

Signs in American Sign Language consist of each of the following EXCEPT

answer

intensity.

question

Each of the following is true about individuals with hearing loss EXCEPT

answer

They reach the same language development milestones in sign as children without hearing loss do in spoken language, but at a slower rate.

question

Which academic area is most affected by deafness?

answer

reading

question

The two factors that seem to have a positive effect on social adjustment are

answer

less inclusion with hearing peers and having parents who are deaf

question

Whether a person thinks of himself or herself as deaf is referred to as

answer

attitudinal deafness.

question

The genetic engineering debate regarding Deaf activism refers to members of the Deaf community who want to

answer

deliberately increase their chances of having a deaf child

question

The ossicles function to create

answer

transfer of energy from the middle to the inner ear.

question

Ideally, screening tests for babies should follow a

answer

1-3-6 month rule

question

Most speech sounds have frequencies (pitch) in the range of

answer

500-2,000 Hz.

question

When testing the hearing of a two-year-old child, an audiologist should avoid use of which type of audiometry?

answer

speech

question

A condition in which the external auditory canal does not form is

answer

atresia

question

The most severe hearing impairments are associated with which part of the ear?

answer

inner ear

question

The most frequent viral cause of deafness in newborns is

answer

congenital cytomegalovirus.

question

From the physiological perspective, the distinction between ʺdeafʺ and ʺhard of hearingʺ is based on

answer

decibels levels detected.

question

The term ʺhard of hearingʺ is used to describe people with hearing impairment who

answer

have enough residual hearing to process sound with a hearing aid.

question

According to the U.S. Department of Education, what percentage of students is identified as deaf or hard of hearing?

answer

0.14%

question

People who say that deafness should not be considered a disability argue that

answer

they should be considered a cultural minority with a language of their own

question

The most important organ for hearing is the

answer

cochlea

question

Virtually all new television programs are captioned for use by people with hearing impairment. Federal law requires that TVs over 13 inches must

answer

contains a chip that produces captions

question

The total communication approach utilizes

answer

oral and manual communication

question

Among students who are deaf, those who achieve the highest levels of literacy tend to have

answer

parents who communicate with them using both ASL and speech

question

The ʺspeech reception thresholdʺ is best defined as the

answer

dB level at which one can understand speech

question

Professionals who work in early intervention programs for infants who are blind often recommend that initial efforts focus on

answer

mobility skills.

question

Each of the following is an accommodation that can be made on the job for those who are blind or who have low vision EXCEPT

answer

more time off.

question

The basic unit of braille is a

answer

cell of dots.

question

The National Federation of the Blind had a braille bill passed to

answer

ensure that teachers of students with visual impairment are proficient in braille.

question

Use of compressed speech enables students with blindness to

answer

listen to recorded texts at a faster rate.

question

An advantage of using guide dogs is that

answer

they can be a safeguard against walking into dangerous areas.

question

Guide dogs must learn each of the following except

answer

see when a traffic light has changed color.

question

Oscar, a ninth grader who is blind, uses a device that converts regular print into synthesized speech. What is the machine called?

answer

Kurzweil 1000

question

In comparison to sighted children, children who are blind

answer

are not impaired in language functioning.

question

Which of the following statements about the conceptual abilities of children with visual impairment is true?

answer

Adults need to directly encourage infants and toddlers with vision problems to explore their environment as they are less likely than their sighted peers to do so on their own.

question

When walking, Lisa, an eighteen-year-old with blindness, has learned to attend to the subtle changes in pitch of echoes from objects as she moves towards them. Which phenomenon is responsible for these changes?

answer

Doppler effect

question

The lower achievement scores of students who are blind or who have low vision is most likely due to

answer

lack of exposure to braille or low expectations.

question

People with sight can facilitate communication with people who are blind by

answer

using ʺtelephone skillsʺ when conversing in person.

question

The structure in the eye which refines and changes the focus of the light rays is the

answer

lens

question

The colored portion of the eye that contracts or expands depending on the amount of light striking it is the

answer

iris

question

Janice is described as being able to detect some objects in the environment when they are fully lit. This is an example of a skill a teacher might note when performing a

answer

functional vision assessment.

question

Clara has good vision for assignments written on the blackboard, but she has difficulty with the print in her textbook. She may have a refraction problem known as

answer

hyperopia.

question

A group of eye diseases that cause damage to the optic nerve is

answer

glaucoma.

question

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is caused by

answer

excessive oxygen given to infants at birth.

question

A condition characterized by a preference for looking at near objects, non-purposeful gazing, distinct color preferences, attraction to rapid movements, and abnormal visual reflexes is

answer

cortical visual impairment.

question

The legal definition of blindness involves assessment of

answer

visual acuity and field of vision.

question

A common criticism of legal definitions of blindness is that visual acuity

answer

doesn't predict how well people use their remaining sight.

question

For educational purposes, individuals who are blind

answer

must use braille or aural methods.

question

Some people think both the legal and educational definitions of blindness are flawed because both focus on

answer

limitations rather than skills.

question

Blindness occurs most often in

answer

adulthood.

question

Impediments to independent living and feeling comfortable in society for people who are blind or who have low vision include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

cognitive deficits.

question

Approximately what percentage of the population of people with blindness currently uses braille as a primary reading method?

answer

12%

question

The major disadvantage of large-print books is that they

answer

take up a great deal of storage space.

question

Which mobility aid is most often recommended by professionals?

answer

the long cane

question

All of the following are appropriate actions pertaining to guide dogs and their owners EXCEPT

answer

Holding the dog's harness when you are asked to lead the person somewhere.

question

When guiding a person who is blind, you should

answer

let the person take your arm and walk slightly behind you.

question

Historically, residential institutions were the preferred means of service delivery because they

answer

offered a number of specialized services in one place.

question

Most professionals now agree that the intelligence of people with blindness

answer

can't be compared directly to that of people with sight.

question

A skill used by people who are blind to aid them in acquiring mobility is

answer

spatial ability.

question

People who are blind

answer

learn to make better use of the sensations they obtain.

question

Social adjustment problems for children with visual impairment are most likely the result of

answer

society's reaction to people who are blind.

question

Repetitive movements such as rocking, rubbing the eyes, and grimacing displayed by some people who are blind are known as

answer

stereotypic behavior.

question

The transparent gelatinous substance in the eye is known as the

answer

vitreous humor.

question

The watery substance found between the cornea and lens of the eye is the

answer

aqueous humor.

question

Each of the following is a limitation of the Snellen Chart EXCEPT

answer

It depends on a person's ability to recognize letters.

question

David has myopia. Another term for this condition is

answer

nearsightedness.

question

The condition that results when the cornea or lens of the eye is irregular resulting in blurred vision is known as

answer

astigmatism.

question

A condition that involves an underdevelopment of part of the eye and is often associated with brain abnormalities such that a child is at risk for speech and cognitive disabilities is

answer

optic nerve hypoplasia.

question

A hereditary disease that usually causes the field of vision to narrow and also affects night vision is

answer

retinitis pigmentosa.

question

As a result of improper muscle functioning, Zelda's eyes are misaligned. This description suggests which one of the following conditions?

answer

strabismus

question

As a disability of children, blindness is

answer

the least prevalent disability.

question

Even though he has visual acuity of 20/20, Jeff is considered legally blind. This is possible if he has severely restricted

answer

peripheral vision.

question

The educational definition of blindness and low vision stresses

answer

the method of reading instruction.

question

Many students who are legally blind would not be considered blind from an educational perspective because they

answer

are able to use vision for learning.

question

What percentage of school-aged children does the federal government classify as visually impaired?

answer

0.05%

question

Any manual or electronic means by which a person who is unable to communicate through normal speech can express wants and needs, share information, engage in social closeness, or manage social etiquette is

answer

augmentative or alternative communication.

question

Manual signs that easily convey their meaning (i.e., cradling one's arms while gently rocking back and forth to represent ʺbabyʺ) are

answer

transparent

question

Any repetitive, stereotyped behavior that seems to have no immediately apparent purpose is

answer

self-stimulation

question

Repeated physical self-abuse, such as biting, scratching, or poking oneself, head banging, and so on is called

answer

self-injurious behavior.

question

The process of finding out why or under what circumstances problem behavior is exhibited is called

answer

functional behavioral assessment

question

Which of the following is a fundamental assumption of positive behavioral support?

answer

Each behavior carries a communicative intent.

question

Michelle is an early intervention specialist who works with families who have children with severe disabilities. Although they are not proven to be effective by research, she knows that she needs to provide individualized practices for each family, communicate with family members in a non-paternalistic manner, and ensure that any placement she recommends be safe and clean. These are examples of

answer

value-based practices.

question

Each of the following is an example of vocational training that would likely occur in elementary school EXCEPT

answer

student volunteering at different jobs.

question

Each of the following is a feature of the federal government's definition of deaf-blindness EXCEPT

answer

hearing impairment of 30 dB or greater in the better ear.

question

Each of the following is a category of causes of deaf-blindness EXCEPT

answer

perinatal conditions.

question

A condition in which a child is born with an abnormally shaped pupil and/or abnormalities of the retina or optic nerve is

answer

coloboma.

question

Each of the following is a symptom of CHARGE syndrome EXCEPT

answer

tunnel vision.

question

The fact that Usher syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder means that

answer

both parents must carry the gene and there is a 25% chance of the child having the syndrome

question

Each of the following has been shown to sometimes cause deaf-blindness EXCEPT

answer

childhood mumps

question

The first person who was deaf-blind who was known to be taught language was

answer

Laura Bridgman

question

Each of the following is an objective to help meet the needs of infants who are deaf-blind EXCEPT

answer

avoid using subroutines within specific activities as this leads to confusion.

question

An adaptation that may be used by a person who is deaf-blind to communicate with the public is

answer

assistance cards.

question

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common injuries of

answer

the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

question

Brain damage caused by internal compression, stretching or other shearing motion of neural tissues within the head is due to

answer

closed head injuries.

question

Which statement about TBI is TRUE?

answer

Males are more prone to TBI than females are.

question

Carl was three years old when he acquired TBI. Which of the following was the most likely cause of his brain injury?

answer

He fell off a counter in his home.

question

Each of the following characteristics is an essential feature of appropriate education for students with TBI EXCEPT

answer

emphasis on catching up to academic content, rather than spending time trying to develop basic cognitive skills.

question

The greatest complicating factor in most studentsʹ return to school following TBI is

answer

language or speech disorders.

question

Effective education and treatment for students with TBI often requires each of the following EXCEPT

answer

Avoid trying to develop a personal relationship.

question

Each of the following statements about severe and multiple disabilities is true EXCEPT

answer

Even combinations of mild disabilities do not constitute severe educational problems.

question

Manual signs that closely resemble the object or action they represent (i.e., gesturing throwing a ball for ʺthrowʺ) are

answer

iconic

question

Each of the following is a challenge particular to users of augmentative or alternative communication (AAC) not faced by natural communicators EXCEPT

answer

There are no systems that allow for expression of complex, abstract thoughts.

question

Each of the following statements about self-stimulation is true EXCEPT

answer

The type of self-stimulation among those with disabilities is what differentiates it from the norm.

question

Madeline's mother told her to pick up her stuffed bear and put it away. Madeline threw herself to the ground and began kicking and screaming. Madeline's mom put the bear away herself, telling Madeline, ʺO.K, O.K., calm down.ʺ Madeline quickly ended her tantrum and returned to playing. Which statement is true?

answer

The mother's behavior reinforced the tantrum behavior.

question

The process of identifying alternative, acceptable ways to communicate through teaching more appropriate behaviors and/or changing the environment to reduce the likelihood of prompting the undesirable behavior is

answer

positive behavioral support.

question

Each of the following is considered a criterion essential for early intervention programs in special education EXCEPT

answer

disregard for the principle of normalization.

question

Each of the following statements about early intervention is true EXCEPT

answer

It is best to assume that all parents need to be educated about how to be better parents to avoid overlooking a likely problem.

question

Each of the following statements about the outcomes for individuals with deaf-blindness is true EXCEPT

answer

Additional disabilities do not tend to increase the impact on a person's ability to adapt.

question

How many children from age 6 to 11 were receiving services for deaf-blindness in 2007 (compared to 32,000 for deafness and 12,000 for blindness)?

answer

fewer than 550

question

A syndrome that causes deaf-blindness and is characterized by a combination of physical anomalies including cranial nerve damage, heart defects, blockage of the air passage from the nose to the throat, and retardation in growth and intellectual development present at birth is

answer

CHARGE syndrome.

question

The absence or closure of a body opening present at birth is

answer

atresia.

question

An inherited syndrome of deaf-blindness characterized by hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa is

answer

Usher syndrome.

question

Which condition is associated with tunnel vision?

answer

Usher syndrome

question

Most authorities agree that the biggest obstacle faced by persons with deaf-blindness is

answer

communication.

question

In addressing the needs of students with deaf-blindness, two principles that practitioners and parents should keep in mind are

answer

direct instruction and structured routines.

question

Tactual signals that can convey a number of messages depending on the situation and context are

answer

touch cues.

question

Most authorities agree that a student with Usher syndrome should

answer

begin braille and O & M training while functioning as a seeing person.

question

Each of the following is a feature of definitions of TBI EXCEPT

answer

injury to the brain can be caused by a degenerative or congenital condition.

question

Possible effects of TBI include each of the following EXCEPT

answer

sudden improvement in memory.

question

The prevalence of TBI has increased so much in recent years that it is now sometimes referred to as

answer

a high-incidence disability.

question

After age 5, and increasingly through adolescence, the primary cause of TBI is

answer

vehicular accidents.

question

Many teachers don't want students with TBI in their classrooms, probably because

answer

the students may exhibit characteristics the teachers find troublesome.

question

Each of the following is true about TBI EXCEPT

answer

behavior management strategies used with students who have emotional or behavioral disorders are not appropriate for use with students who have TBI.

question

Each of the following statements about severe and multiple disabilities is true EXCEPT

answer

A person with TBI can be expected, with time and care, to recover completely and function without disabilities.

question

All low-incidence, severe, and multiple disabilities combined probably affect what percentage of the population?

answer

less than 1%

question

Which of the following is likely to be the least concern of early intervention for children with physical disabilities?

answer

improving access to school and public buildings

question

When special educators talk about transition, they are generally referring to the change from

answer

school to work.

question

Sociosexual education for students with physical disabilities includes instruction in all of the following EXCEPT

answer

suppression of sexual desire.

question

The primary goal of adapted physical education is

answer

to allow access to activities that support physical, recreational, and leisure goals.

question

A person who provides support for daily living skills and fine motor skills is a(n)

answer

occupational therapist.

question

Which statement about phenylketonuria (PKU) is true?

answer

It requires a life-long special diet for treatment.

question

Children's reactions to their own physical disabilities are largely

answer

a reflection of how others respond to them.

question

Gareth uses braces on his legs to help provide support when he walks. This is an example of a/an

answer

orthosis.

question

The greatest problem with using technology for people with physical disabilities is

answer

accurately evaluating them to determine what would be most useful.

question

When a child's nervous system is damaged, no matter what the cause, which of the following is often one of the symptoms?

answer

muscular weakness or paralysis

question

Cerebral palsy is a condition that occurs

answer

before brain maturity.

question

Andre's legs are paralyzed, but he has full use of his arms. His condition is

answer

paraplegia.

question

Abrupt, involuntary movements and difficulty in maintaining balance is known as

answer

choreoathetoid movements.

question

When there is an abnormal discharge of electrical energy in certain brain cells, the result is

answer

seizures.

question

Seizures may differ on all of the following dimensions EXCEPT

answer

latency

question

Harris has a congenital midline defect resulting from failure of the bony spinal column to close completely during fetal development. His condition is known as

answer

spina bifida

question

The extent of the paralysis in spina bifida depends on

answer

the location of the spinal cord defect.

question

Tim has a hereditary disease characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers. His condition is

answer

muscular dystrophy.

question

The intelligence of students with conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system is

answer

unaffected.

question

A lung disease characterized by episodic inflammation or obstruction of the air passages such that the person has difficulty breathing is

answer

asthma.

question

What causes more deaths in children than all childhood diseases combined?

answer

accidents

question

Impairments that a child is born with are referred to as

answer

congenital anomalies.

question

A condition that is incurable is

answer

chronic

question

A condition that becomes more and more severe over time is

answer

progressive.

question

What effect have advances in medicine had on the need for special education due to physical disabilities?

answer

increased the need for special education for students with severe disabilities

question

Providing support for the child's body and arranging instructional or play materials in certain ways is known as

answer

positioning.

question

A situation in which a person with a disability becomes a regular employee, performs a valued function in a regular work setting, and receives fair pay while receiving training, social skills instruction, and other services is

answer

supported employment.

question

Each of the following statements about education for most children with a physical disability is true EXCEPT

answer

It should be similar to that for children without disabilities but at a somewhat lower age level.

question

Each of the following is a reason why most students with physical disabilities are integrated into public schools EXCEPT

answer

federal law defined the least restrictive environment (LRE) as the regular classroom.

question

Mr. Kent has a child in his class who has a terminal illness. He should

answer

be direct and open in discussing death and dying with the class.

question

Each of the following statements about preventing physical disabilities is true EXCEPT

answer

Reducing the number of childhood vaccinations has reduced the number of cases of autism.

question

For children with most physical disabilities and other health impairments, a common cause of academic difficulties is

answer

erratic school attendance.

question

Jim has an artificial leg. This is an example of a/an

answer

prosthesis.

question

Which principles are most important to keep in mind when considering prosthetics and orthotics?

answer

residual function, simplicity, reliability

question

Impairments that are the result of injury to the brain that also affect the ability to move parts of one's body are

answer

neuromotor impairments.

question

Cerebral palsy is

answer

a nonprogressive disorder.

question

Cerebral palsy is classified by

answer

the limbs involved and type of motor disability.

question

Stiffness or tenseness of muscles and inaccurate voluntary movements is known as

answer

spasticity.

question

The intelligence of children with cerebral palsy is

answer

difficult to assess due to difficulties in perception, movement, or response

question

All of the following are common causes of seizures EXCEPT

answer

high blood sugar.

question

All of the following procedures should be followed if a student has a seizure in school EXCEPT

answer

inserting an object between the teeth.

question

Any malformation of the spine, spinal cord, or brain is a

answer

neural tube defect.

question

Catheterization is necessary for individuals with

answer

lack of bladder control.

question

Rheumatoid arthritis is a potentially debilitating disease that

answer

is characterized by pain in and around the joints and muscles.

question

Chronic diseases and health conditions of children have

answer

increased dramatically during recent decades.

question

In addition to its effect on the immune system, AIDS poses all of the following threats to children EXCEPT

answer

muscular dystrophy.

question

The primary distinguishing characteristic of children with physical disability is

answer

medical or health problems.

question

A condition that may be severe but resolves with treatment is

answer

acute.

question

A condition that recurs at successive times but does not necessarily become more severe over time is

answer

episodic.

question

Which statement is true?

answer

The number of people with physical disabilities is growing but the availability of service programs is not.

Flashcards and Answers – Exceptionalities Chpt 8,9,10,11,12,13,14

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