Flashcards and Answers – Exam 4 Practice Question Pool
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reactive aggression
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A linebacker intends to hurt and injure any receiver who catches a ball over the middle. This is an example of
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Express thoughts but not feelings.
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Which of the following is NOT a useful step in resolving peer conflict (especially in teenagers) in a nonviolent way?
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90%, 45%
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According to a recent study, approximately what percentage of referees reported that they were the recipients of verbal abuse or physical abuse, respectively?
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how to be rough and tough without getting thrown out of the game
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In the case study of Billy the hockey goalie, what did he learn?
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setting up specific guidelines distinguishing assertive play from inappropriate aggressive play
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In the case study of head football coach Tom Martinez, Coach Martinez dealt with the area of aggressive play by
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instrumental aggression
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Most aggression in sport falls into which of the following categories?
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alpha
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Psychophysiological research on attentional processes in archers and pistol shooters has revealed that accuracy is increased when performers' brain waves are in which frequency?
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external distal
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According to recent research (McKay & Wolf, 2011), a performer should have what type of focus for optimal performance?
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a and c (impaired timing and poor judgement and decision making)
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The narrowing and internal focus associated with choking can result in
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b and c (may be inappropriate once a skill becomes automatic and may be detrimental to performance because the mind gets in the way of the body)
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Entirely focusing on body mechanics and movements
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there was more negative self-talk than positive self-talk
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Results from the study of self-talk among junior tennis players (Van Raalte et al., 1994) revealed that
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analyze situations more quickly and use more anticipatory cues
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Top athletes seem to be able to do just the right thing at just the right time. From an attentional perspective, research has shown that this is mostly due to their ability to
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all of these
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Karageorghis and Terry (2011) provide a brief list of cutting-edge technologies that aim to enhance athletes' concentration skills. Which of the following is included?
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focus on improving their own performance
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A good way to enhance young athletes' perceptions of their abilities is to have them
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enhanced interpersonal effectiveness of coaches
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In a recent review of studies investigating the effectiveness of interpersonal education programs for coaches, it was found that these programs
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a and c (keep strategies fun and use concrete physical strategies)
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Which of the following did Orlick and McCaffrey recommend for modifying arousal regulation strategies in children?
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95%
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In the study by Klint and Weiss on former competitive youth gymnasts, what percentage was still participating in gymnastics or another sport?
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have limited awareness of their behaviors
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In terms of awareness of their behaviors, recent studies have found that youth coaches
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fear of failure and feelings of inadequacy
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Based on research with elite high school wrestlers and distance runners, which of the following are the two major sources of the stress experienced by elite junior athletes?
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The benefits of sport participation depend on the quality of the adult leadership.
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Which of the following statements is true?
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a and b (athlete talent can be accurately predicted at a young age and stages of athletic development can be skipped)
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Which of the following is a common myth regarding children in sport?
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it focuses the majority of resources on the most talented children
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Most sport psychologists are opposed to taking a professionalized approach to children's sports because
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35%
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Dropout rates for youth sport participants have been estimated to be about what percentage each year?
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band solo
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According to the study by Simon and Martens comparing state anxiety before competitive sports to state anxiety before other childhood evaluative activities, the activity with the highest state anxiety levels was
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all of these
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Which of the following is true regarding parental behavior in youth sport?
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aggressive behavior and media violence
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Which of the following have shown the strongest relationship?
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all of these
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According to research, which of the following statements concerning spectator aggression is true?
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They were born with an aggressive urge.
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Which of the following is NOT an explanation put forth to explain athletes' aggressive behavior?
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Aggression must be directed toward a human being.
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Which of the following is NOT among the criteria for judging aggression?
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the ability to narrow attentional focus in all situations
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Which of the following is NOT a key element included in most definitions of concentration?
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all of these
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Which of the following was recommended to help alleviate choking?
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broad-external; narrow-external
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If just before a tee shot, a golfer shifts her attention from the length of the fairway and the direction of the wind to focusing only on the ball, her attention has shifted from _____ to _____.
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b and c (east asians had a higher percentage of negative to positive self-talk than did european americans and negative self-talk is related to poorer performance in european americans)
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Which of the following is true regarding self-talk and different cultures?
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external factors
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Skilled performers should focus on
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start to focus and think too much about her serve
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An athlete who is losing in a tennis match might tell her opponent that she is "really following through on her serve nicely." From an attentional perspective, this is a ploy to have the opponent
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b and c (frequent worries about failure and low self-performance expectations)
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A young athlete is at risk for developing heightened state anxiety if he has which of the following characteristics?
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b and c (parental pressure and very high self- and other-imposed expectations)
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In reviewing the literature that reported personal accounts of burnout among young athletes, Gould found which of the following to be important factors associated with the burnout?
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all of these
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The professionalization of children's sports can be seen in
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a and b (they viewed themselves only as athletes and coaches and parents made all the important decisions with little input from the young athletes)
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According to the study by Coakley on youth sport burnout, which of the following was found to be characteristic of children who have burned out in sport?
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to make new friends
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Which of the following is NOT one of the top five reasons given for participating in youth sport?
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advanced cues to predict teammates' future movements
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"No-look" passes in basketball are accomplished by using
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increased anxiety resulted in shorter duration of "quiet eye"
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According to a recent study relating anxiety and attention regarding the "quiet eye," it was found that
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information-processing
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Most theories investigating the role of attention in performance have used what type of approach?
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process goals
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Developing competitive plans should focus on what type of goals?
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self-presentation
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According to a recent study by Mesagno and colleagues (2011), which of the following appeared to be an essential part of choking?
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instinct theory
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Individuals have an innate predisposition to be aggressive, which builds up and eventually must be expressed. This represents the major premise of which theory?
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social learning theory
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Bandura's research showed that children who saw adult models commit violent acts repeated those acts more than children who were not exposed to such aggressive models. This supports which theory of aggression?
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Aggression sometimes facilitates performance and sometimes does not.
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The research examining the relationship between aggression and performance supports which conclusion?
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along a continuum
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According to more recent research by Anderson and Bushman, aggression ranging from instrumental to reactive should be viewed
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assertive behavior
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"Good aggression" (playing within the rules with high intensity) is known in sport psychology as
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thought out versus impulsive
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The general aggression model proposes that when aggression occurs, it will be
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taking into account what is best for all involved
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The highest level (level 5) of moral reasoning is characterized by
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differential association
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Participation in sport keeps youths off the street and out of trouble. This is central to which explanation of the relationship between organized sport and delinquency?
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Albert Bandura
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The social learning approach to good sporting behavior and moral development is best summarized by the work of
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a and c (the fairness of adult actions and negative game behaviors)
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Recent research by Moria Stuart indicates that children aged 10 to 12 had concerns about
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eye for an eye
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Consider an athlete who takes illegal performance-enhancing drugs and argues her actions are okay because everyone does it. At what stage of moral development is she?
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b and c (exposure to positive role models and increased self-esteem)
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It has been proposed that sport participation can serve as an alternative to gang behavior by providing
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athletes' game reasoning differs from reasoning used in everyday life
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In a summary of 20 years of research on moral development, Bredemeier and Shields found that
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Emphasizing winning does not automatically have a good or bad influence on building good sporting behavior.
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Which of the following statements is true?
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a and c (discuss moral dilemmas and reward good sporting behaviors and punish bad sporting behaviors)
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Which of the following strategies is useful for enhancing moral development and good sporting behavior?
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discipline
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A gang member took part in a soccer program designed to foster responsibility in gang members. In a quote, one member said that he constantly keeps with him five words that helped change his life. Which of the following was NOT one of these words?
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cognitive development of the individual
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According to the structural-developmental approach, moral reasoning depends in large part on the
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a and c (developing good sporting behavior through competitive sport involvement automatically transfers to nonphysical activity and physical educators and coaches should teach religious values to help build moral development)
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Which of the following statements is FALSE?
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the use of modeling and reinforcement reduced the bad sporting behaviors of fifth-grade boys
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Geibenk and McKenzie studied the use of social learning in a physical education setting, finding that
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reviewing history of moral choices
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Which of the following is NOT one of the moral action stages hypothesized by Miller and colleagues (1997)?
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gender related
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Which of the following is NOT among the types of hazing?
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both personal and situational factors help determine good sporting behavior
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The social-psychological approach to studying morality in sport emphasizes that
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a and b (focus on individual strengths rather than weaknesses and link the program with the community)
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Which of the following is among the strategies for developing resiliency in youth?
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There is no universally accepted definition of good sporting behavior.
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Which of the following definitions does Martens think captures the meaning of good sporting behavior?
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b and c (sport efforts are directed toward a goal over time and sport requires youth to experience setbacks and overcome challenges)
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Physical education expert Eric Larson thinks that extracurricular activities can have a positive influence on youth development because
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it is legitimate to distract opponents in order to win
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A study by Rudd and Gordon (2009) focusing on fan behavior in sport found that fans believed
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integrity
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An athlete who does the right thing when faced with a moral dilemma possesses what virtue?
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both Fair Play groups had higher moral development than the control group
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In a study investigating moral development in elementary school children and the Fair Play for Kids activities, it was found that
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a and b (they can help trigger a particular response and they can be motivational or emotionally stimulating)
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"Cue" words are often effective because
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a and b ( deal well with a multitude of stimuli from both external and internal sources and effectively switch their attention from broad to narrow focus when necessary)
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According to Nideffer, effective attenders indicate that they can
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seem to notice everything that is happening around them
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Athletes with a preference for a broad-external focus
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makes the skills more automatic, thus requiring less attention
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From an attentional perspective, overlearning of skills
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thought stopping
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Using a trigger word to stop negative self-statements is called
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judgmental thinking
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A response to either good or bad performances that causes a personal, ego-involved reaction during competition is known as
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counterfactual thinking
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"Mental representations of alternatives to past occurrences, features, and states" is the definition of
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their child's success reflects their worth as a parent
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According to Coakley (2006), parents are becoming overly involved in their child's sport because
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a and b (rated their coaches as better teachers and liked their teammates and coaches more)
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Smith, Smoll, and Curtis (1979), in phase 2 of their study comparing an experimental group of coaches using a positive approach with a control group of coaches, found that players who played for experimental coaches
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a and c (career length increased significantly and premature retirements were reduced)
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In 1990, the Women's Tennis Association instituted a rule regarding age eligibility that limited the amount of tournament play for young players. Looking at its success over a 10-year period, it was found that
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11
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Gould and Martens found that, on average, children participated for ____ hours per week in their specific sport.
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perceived competence
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Research has indicated that participants in youth sport differ from dropouts in what psychological attribute?
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b and c (when participants are embarrassed and when participants perceive they are the recipients of poor officiating)
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In which of the following situations is aggression likely to occur?
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b and d (fans become more aggressive after watching violent contact sports and fans become more aggressive under the influence of alcohol)
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Research testing the catharsis notion of spectator aggression has shown that
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a and b (displacing responsibility to others and moral justification)
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According to a research study (Tracelet et al., 2011) with soccer players, what reason was in the top five given for aggressive and anti-social behaviors by players?
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a and b (many coaches, parents, and teammates accept and reinforce the modeling of aggressive acts and violence is modeled by young amateur hockey players)
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Smith's research concerning violence in hockey showed that
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North American players exhibited more aggressive acts (incurring penalties) than did European players
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The study by Gee and Lee (2007) investigating aggressive play and hockey found that
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character development needs to be a mind-set of physical activity leaders
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According to Arnold's work, in order for character to be developed through sport and physical activity,
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self-appraisal
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Which of the following is NOT one of the levels in Hellison's levels of responsibility model?
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task-oriented climate
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Character development is most facilitated by building a
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13%
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Recent evidence indicates that approximately what percentage of youth athletes try to hurt an opponent?
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moral development
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The process of experience and growth by which an individual develops the capacity to morally reason is the definition of
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all of these
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According to Shields and Bredemeier, morality in sport includes
