Exam 3 – Chemistry – Flashcards
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| Can oxidation and reduction reactions occur independently of eachother? |
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| No. |
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| What is oxidation? |
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| An electron loss. Addition of oxygen; loss of hydrogen. |
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| What is reduction? |
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| An electron gain. Loss of oxygen; gain of hydrogen. |
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| Example of oxidation. |
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| O ll R-C-OH |
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| Example of reduction |
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| OH R- C- H H |
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| What carbon is the anomeric carbon? |
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| The carbonyl group. |
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| Where is the reacting oxygen for an anomeric carbon? |
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| Last OH group on chain. |
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| What is an alpha anomer? |
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| OH points down. |
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| What is an beta anomer? |
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| OH points up. |
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| What functional group is associated with a glysosidic bond? |
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| Ether. |
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| Where does the glycosidic bond occur? |
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| Between the reacting oxygens of each cyclic hemiacetals. |
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| What is the reducing end? |
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| The free anomeric carbon. |
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| What is the non-reducing end? |
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| The occupied anomeric carbons. |
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| What is a storage polysaccharide? |
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| Only alpha-glucose units; ex: starch and glycogen. |
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| What is a structural polysaccharide? |
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| Only beta-glucose units; ex: cellulose |
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| What are characteristics of glycogen? |
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| Branched polymer of glucos units. Storage polysaccharide found in animals; stored in liver in muscles. When glucose is needed, glycogen is hydrolyzed in liver to glucose. |
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| Where are oligosaccharides found? |
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| On the surface of red blood cells. |
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| What is a monosacchride? |
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| One carbohydrate. |
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| What is a disacchride? |
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| Two carbohydrates. |
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| What is a oligosaccharide? |
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| Group of carbohydrates up to 9. |
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| What is a polysaccharide? |
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| Group of carboyhydrates starting at 10 and up to 10,000. |
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| What do monosaccharides contain? |
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| Both primary and secondary alcohols. |
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| What is an aldose? |
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| A carbohydrate containing the algehyde functional group. O ll R-C- H |
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| What is a ketose? |
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| A carbohydrate containing the ketone functional group. O ll C-C-C |
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| What are the two types of carbohydrates? |
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| Aldose or ketose. |
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| What are classifications for monosaccharides? |
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| Triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose. |
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| What are stereoisomers? |
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| Mirror images of eachother. |
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| What are enantiomers? |
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| Mirror images of each other. |
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| What is a L enantiomer? |
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| OH group on left. |
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| What is a D enantiomer? |
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| OH group is on right. |
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| What is a diasteromer? |
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| Only one or more of the chiral carbons has been changed. |
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| What are characteristics of glucose. |
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| Most abundant monosacchariade in nature. Dextrose, blood sugar, broken down in cells for energy, found in milk and sugar, glycogen and starch. |
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| Structure of Fructose. |
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| CH2OH C = O HO + H H + OH H + OH CH2OH |
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| Structure of Glucose. |
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| O ll C - H H + OH HO + H H + OH H + OH CH2OH |
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| Characteristics of amylose. |
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| Part of a starch mixture that also contains amylopectin. Contains D-glucose unites bonded in a containue chain. Tend to coil like a telephone cord. |
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| Chracteristics of amylopectin. |
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| 80% plant starch. Branching occurs. |
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| How does pKa relate to the strength of an acid? |
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| The smaller the pKa the stronger the acid. |
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| What is the relationship between pKa and pH? |
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| If pKa > pH, take H+. If pKa < pH lose H+. |
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| What is produced during a peptide bond? |
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| Water. |
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| Why do polypeptides fold up? |
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| So that the nonpolar areas interact with each other and the polar areas interact with water. |
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| What are the four levels of structure in a protein? |
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| Primary, seconday, tertiary, and quarternary. |
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| What are the two substructures of the secondary structure protein? |
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| Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet. |
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| What stablizes secondary structures? |
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| Hydrogen bonding. |
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| How is the tertirary structure of a protein structured? |
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| So that the nonpolar side chains are on the interior and the polar side chains on the surface with water. |
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| What stablizes the tertiary structure of a protein? |
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| Attractive forces between the side chains and aqueous environment. And attractive forces between the side chains themselves. |
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| What are some of the attractive forces in a tertiary structure? |
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| London forces, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, ion-dipole, salt bridges, and disulfide bonds. |
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| What stablizes a primary structure protein? |
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| Peptide bonds. |
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| What stablizes a quarternary structure protein? |
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| Same as tertiary. |
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| What are globular proteins? |
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| Compact, spherical structures that are soluble in aqueous environment. |
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| What are fibrous proteins |
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| Long, threadlike with high helical content. |
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| Characteristics of hemoglovin. |
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| Example of 4 subunits forming quaternary structure. Each subunit contains a nonprotein part called the prosthetic group called a heme. |
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| What does the heme do? |
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| Binds an Fe2+ which binds O2 |
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| What are some functions of proteins? |
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| Transport oxygen in blood. Components of skin and muscles. Defense mechanisms against infections. Biological catalysts called enzymes. And control metabolism of hormones. |
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| What does the order of amino acids in protein determine? |
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| The structure and biological function. |
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| What is an L amino acid? |
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| Protonated amine on left. |
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| What is a D amino acid? |
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| Protonated amine on right. |
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| What are the four categories for amino acids? |
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| Nonpolar, polar, acidic, and basic. |
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| What are the 10 essential amino acids? |
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| Valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine, typtophan, threonine, histidine, lysine, and argainine. |
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| What can be synthesized in the body from metabolic precursors? |
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| Nonessential amino acids. |
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| Can dietary amino acids be stored? |
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| No. |
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| Why are essential amino acids important? |
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| They can not be synthesized in the body and they cannot be stored. |
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| What is a buffer? |
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| A solution that contains conjugate acid/base pairs that will resist a change in pH to solution. |
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| Why are buffers useful in the body? |
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| They help our bodies maintain the proper pH in the bloodstream. |
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| What is respiratory acidosis? |
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| Not enought CO2 expelled, buildup occurs. More acid produced to lower pH. More H3O+, more acidic, lower pH. |
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| What is respiratory alkalosis? |
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| Too much CO2 expelled, removed acid, raising pH. Lowering concentration of H3O+, more basic, higher pH. (paper bag) |
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| What is the K, equilibrium expression? |
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| K = (reactants)/products) (dont forget coefficent as exponents) |
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| What does it mean is K = 1? |
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| Equal amounts of products and reactants. |
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| What does it mean if K > 1? |
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| Products favored. |
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| What does it mean if K < 1? |
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| Reactants favored. |
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| How does Ka value relate to acids? |
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| Large the Ka value the stronger the acid. (as opposed to pKa) |
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| What is the equation relating pH to H3O+? |
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| pH = -log (H3O+) |
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| What does pKa give the ratio of? |
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| The ratio of conjugate base and hydronium ion to weak acid. |
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| What does pH tell you? |
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| How much hydronium ion is present in solution. |
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| If pH < pKa |
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| Acid is greater. |
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| if pH = pKa |
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| acid and base is equal. |
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| If pH > pKa. |
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| Base is greater. |
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| What is the definition of an acid? |
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| Donates protons. |
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| What is the definition of a base? |
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| Accepts protons. |
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| What are neutralization reactions? |
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| Acid/base reactions that react to form a salt and water. |
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| What is a big difference in how strong acids react compared to weak acids? |
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| Strong acids ->. Weak acids reversible. |
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| What are the primary structural components of cell membranes? |
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| Phospholipids. |
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| What are phospholipids? |
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| The primary structural components of cell membranes. |
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| What is an isotonic solution. |
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| When the concentrations of solutes in the solution are the same on both sides of the membrane. |
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| What is a hypotonic solution. |
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| Concentration of solutes outside the cell is low while the concentration of solutes in the cell is high. |
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| What is a hypertonic solution. |
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| Concentration of solutes outside the cell is high while the concentration of solutes inside the cell is low. |
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| What is the net flow of solution across the cell membrane? |
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| Net flow is from lower concentration to higher concentration. |
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| What are the common physiological solutions? |
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| 0.90 % m/v NaCl. and 5% m/v D-glucose. |
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| What is diffusion. |
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| The net movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration. |
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| 1 ppm = |
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| 1 ppm = 1 mg/liter |
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| 1 ppb = |
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| 1 ppb = 1 Ug/liter |
