Exam 2 Review – Flashcards
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________ is the world's most populous nation, home to ________ of the people living on Earth.
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China; one-fifth
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Which statement most accurately describes the population control efforts in China?
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A one-child policy that is enforced through taxation and penalties has successfully controlled population growth.
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If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be close to ________%.
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1.4
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IPAT stands for ________.
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Impact, Population, Affluence, and Technology
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The world population growth rate is currently at approximately ________%.
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1.2
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According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________.
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increases environmental impact
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The Cornucopian view held by many economists suggests that resource depletion due to greater numbers of people ________.
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is not a problem if new resources can be found to replace depleted ones
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The "sensitivity factor" in the model used to represent human environmental impact denotes ________.
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the sensitivity of an environment to human pressures
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Malthus was responsible for ________.
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the idea that without social restrictions, human population growth would lead to famine and war
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Helmut Haberl and colleagues have compiled data on ________ as a measure of how human population growth impacts Earth's natural resources and ecosystem services.
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consumption of net primary productivity
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Author of The Population Bomb
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Paul R. Ehrlich
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The current global human population is approximately ________.
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7 billion
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Replacement fertility ________.
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is equal to 2.1 in stable populations
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A high birth rate coupled with a declining death rate resulting from increased food production and improved medical care is characteristic of the ________ stage of the demographic transition model.
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transitional
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The term demographic transition refers to ________.
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the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, occurring as a country economically develops
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The transitional stage in Frank Notestein's demographic model is initiated by ________.
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industrialization
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If global fertility rates remain at 2005-2010 levels, the United Nations predicts that world population will be approximately ________ billion in 2050.
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11
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The annual global growth rate of the human population peaked in the ________ and has been declining ever since.
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1960s
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Zero population growth can be achieved in a population when ________.
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birth rate equals death rate, and there is no migration
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In the demographic transition model, the highest population growth rate in a country is likely to occur during ________.
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stage 2, the transitional stage
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A population that is not growing will have a TFR of ________.
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2.1 or lower
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If there is ________, a country's population growth rate will increase.
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increased immigration
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Diminishing population growth rates in poor countries can be partially attributed to ________.
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the education of women
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The 1994 Cairo, Egypt, conference was organized ________.
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to urge governments to better address social issues such as poverty, disease, and lack of education as potential sources of population problems
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Life expectancy in parts of southern Africa ________.
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has fallen dramatically since 1990
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Which of the following factors drives TFR down?
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social and economic security
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The richest one-fifth of the world's population possesses approximately ________ times the income of the poorest one-fifth, and the richest one-fifth uses over 86% of the world's resources.
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80
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Demographically speaking, the effects of AIDS are most significant because ________.
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AIDS sickens and kills the youngest and most productive members of society
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Not surprisingly, the nation with the highest rate of contraceptive use (84%) is ________.
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China
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Most of the world population growth in the near future will be in ________.
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developing countries
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Recent research suggests that ________ has/have contributed to the large drop in fertility rates in Brazil over the past several decades.
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soap operas
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Because of the success of China's population control programs, ________.
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China's population growth rate has dropped below replacement levels
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________ refers to the agricultural practices in which the members of a farming family produce only enough food for themselves and do not make use of large-scale irrigation, chemical fertilizer, or machinery and technology.
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Subsistence agriculture
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This pyramid depicts soil ________.
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textures
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The layer below the O horizon in an idealized profile
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A horizon
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Humus is ________.
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a soil component composed of organic compounds that holds soil moisture and enhances soil fertility
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Leaching and the rate of movement of water would be greatest in a soil classified as ________.
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sandy
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Factors involved in soil formation include ________.
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weathering of parent material and the addition of organic material
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A soil deficient in humus would ________.
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have unusually low levels of biological activity
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The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ________.
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affected by rainfall, freezing, and thawing
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Leaching ________.
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removes water-soluble nutrients from soil
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The O horizon is ________.
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primarily composed of organic materials
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The horizon where leaching has deposited materials is called the ________.
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B horizon
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Decomposers are most likely found in the ________.
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A and O horizons
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The lesson learned by Arliss and Todd Nielsen on their Iowa farm is that ________.
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erosion and soil nutrient losses are reduced with no-till agriculture
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We lose 5 to 7 million hectares of productive cropland per year to ________.
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soil degradation
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________ is the loss of more than 10% of soil productivity in arid areas due to such factors as erosion, soil compaction, overgrazing, and forest removal.
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Desertification
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The U.S. agency charged with slowing soil degradation is the ________.
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Natural Resources Conservation Service
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Shelterbelts are to ________ as terraces are to ________.
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wind erosion; water erosion
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Planting ________ between regular crops will help replace depleted nitrogen.
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legumes
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Erosion can result in a vicious cycle of worsening erosion because ________.
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plants are less likely to grow in eroded soil
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No-till farming would be most beneficial for farmers ________.
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with steeply sloped fields
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________ is the buildup of salts in soils as a result of overirrigation.
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Salinization
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Water diversion and pumping has allowed humans to grow crops in areas where natural supplies have been limited. A major challenge that exists in these regions has been ________.
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salinization of soils
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Irrigation can result in the salinization of soils because ________.
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salts are deposited on the soil surface as water evaporates
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The Conservation Reserve Program pays farmers to ________.
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stop cultivating highly erodible cropland
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More than half the ________ in the United States and Canada has/have been lost to urban and agricultural development, but the recent ________ subsidizes landowners to restore or protect remaining areas.
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wetlands; Wetlands Reserve Program
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Monoculture ________.
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agricultural practices increase a crop's susceptibility to insect pests
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Which of the following is true?
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More than one in three adults in the United States is obese.
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Green Revolution techniques ________.
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have increased crop yields but may not be sustainable
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________% of the food we consume comes from ________ crop species.
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90; 15
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Agricultural productivity increased during the Green Revolution as a result of improvements in fertilizers, crop breeding, pest control, and ________.
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irrigation
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People around the world have become more dependent on global markets for their food. As a result, recent U.S. government policies encouraging ________ have had a major negative effect on food availability.
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ethanol production
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During the past half century, global food production has ________ world population growth.
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grown at a faster rate than
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Normal Borlaug, who passed away in 2009, pioneered the development of ________.
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high-yield wheat
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Aquaculture ________.
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can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions
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It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more ________.
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plant-based foods
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Seed banks are important for ________.
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protecting genetic diversity
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Can protect crops from insect pest-related losses when applied periodically
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Bacillus thuringiensis
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A successful case of biological control, introduced from Argentina to Australia in the 1920s to control invasive prickly pear cactus
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Cactoblastis cactorum
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Introduced for control of agricultural pests in Hawaii
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wasps
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Source of generic plasmids for genetically modified organisms
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Escherichia coli
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In Queensland, Australia, cactus moths ________.
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effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangeland
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Managing crop competitors and pests has been challenging to agronomists for centuries. One approach, integrated pest management, ________.
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combines synthetic chemical pesticides with biocontrol techniques
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Which of the following best describes integrated pest management (IPM)?
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biocontrol measures, crop rotation, and habitat diversification
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Plants with showy flowers typically ________.
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are pollinated by animals
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Researchers in Switzerland have demonstrated that organic farming ________.
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decreased organic soil losses while giving yields almost as high as conventional farming
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Organic farming ________.
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has become more challenging because of contamination by GM crop varieties
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In order for livestock to be considered organic, ________.
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animals must be fed 100% organic agricultural feed
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Recombinant DNA ________.
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is the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms
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Bt crops ________.
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have been given a bacterial gene that gives chemical protection against insect pests
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Oaxaca, Mexico ________.
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is a world center of biodiversity for maize
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The European Union nations ________.
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do not support the growth or sale of GM crops
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The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety ________.
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outlines regulations on international trade of GM foods
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Recent investigations of the impact of GM crops on biodiversity in Great Britain indicate that ________.
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some GM crops and sites showed increased biodiversity, while others showed decreases
