Exam #2 (PP) – Flashcards

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Allport believed that present and future behavior can best be explained in terms of
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functional autonomy.
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The needs to know and to understand
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can be stronger than the safety needs.
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An idea in Rogers' theory similar to Freud's superego is
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conditions of worth.
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The fully functioning person is aware of all experiences and
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all of the answers
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For Eysenck, the most significant factor in intelligence is
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heredity
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Erikson noted identity confusion in his study of
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all of the answers
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Identity cohesion or role confusion appears at ages
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12-18
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According to Allport, life's ultimate and necessary goal is to
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maintain an optimal level of tension.
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The driving forces for behavior are ____ traits.
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dynamic
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In his study of play constructions, Erikson believed he saw
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the symbolic expression of the genitals for both sexes.
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The process of maturation is
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often accompanied by struggle and pain.
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Older people should seek
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new challenges.
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In Rogers' approach to therapy, the therapist provides
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unconditional positive regard.
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Erikson once worked
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at a guidance center for emotionally disturbed delinquents
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According to Maslow, truly self-actualized people constitute ____ of the population
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less than 1%
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We can see origins of Rogers' personality in his childhood experience of
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living by someone else's view of the world rather than his own.
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Rogers' early work in psychology was
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diagnosing and treating delinquent and underprivileged children.
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Computer analysis of the letters from Jenny
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yielded valid and comparable results to indicate Allport's eight prominent traits.
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Allport's research methods focused on
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the normal healthy individual
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Allport formulated a theory of personality development in which
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considerable knowledge has been gained about the functioning of the normal, emotionally healthy adult.
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Cattell's personality measures are ____ because of the biases that affect scoring and interpretation
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subjective
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For Cattell, behavior that is considered predictable must be
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lawful and orderly
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In Allport's theory, central traits
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best describe a person's behavior.
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Allport believed that personality is often revealed indirectly through
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expressive behavior
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Allport's approach to personality is characterized by the
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conscious rather than the unconscious
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Erikson identified the stage of identity cohesion versus role confusion as
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a moratorium to give a person time and energy to play different roles and live with different images
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Rogers believed that the essence of human nature is
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an innate drive for actualization.
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Erikson's most unusual assessment technique is
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. psychohistorical analysis
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Allport believed that the best way to study personality was through
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normal and healthy adults.
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McCrae and Costa's five personality factors
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include agreeableness and conscientiousness.
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Metapathology results from
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frustration of the metaneeds.
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Allport's idiographic approach was the study of
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the individual case.
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Adolescents who have not experienced an identity crisis but are committed to an occupation are in the
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foreclosure status
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At each stage of psychosocial development,
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adaptive and maladaptive ways of coping are incorporated into the ego identity.
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With regard to experimental research, Rogers
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preferred to have a clearer view of a person's experiential world.
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Environmental-mold traits are
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learned characteristics from the influences of friends, work, and where we live.
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For Cattell, traits are
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all of the answers
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All of the following are characteristics of self-actualized persons except
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a complete acceptance of the norms and beliefs of the majority.
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Erikson's epigenetic principle of maturation
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asserts that development is determined by a combination of biological and social factors.
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Allport's theory has become more popular today because
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all of the answers
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Maslow called moments of intense ecstasy, power, and transcendence of the self
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peak experiences.
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For Cattell, if two measures showed a high correlation, then
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the traits and factors of the two tests are similar or related.
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According to Cattell, a valid personality theory should be able to
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predict behavior in response to a given stimulus situation
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If a conflict at one stage cannot be resolved, then a person will
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have much difficulty to continue normal development in the next stage
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Erikson divided personality growth into
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eight stages from birth to death.
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Cattell has identified 16 ____ traits that form the basis of personality
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source
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Compared to coping behavior, expressive behavior is
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a better reflection of the personality.
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In response to charges that his concepts are ambiguous and poorly defined, Erikson cited
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his artistic temperament and lack of formal training in science
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To Rogers, the only valid way to study personality is through
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examining each person's subjective perceptions.
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Studies of ego identity show that
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adolescents high in ego identity develop trust, autonomy, initiative, and industriousness.
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Our level of psychological adjustment and emotional health is a function of the extent to which our
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self is congruent with our environment
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One unusual assessment technique used by Allport was
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the personal-document approach
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Q-sort research has shown that person-centered therapy increases the
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correlation between perceived self and ideal self.
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Research on psychosocial stages demonstrated
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a relationship between happiness and successful development in the first six stages.
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Failure to adapt at one developmental stage
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can be corrected by success at a later stage
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In Cattell's system, the mental elements of personality are called
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traits
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Source traits are
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the basic elements of personality.
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The basic strength associated with the final stage of development is
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wisdom.
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Research using the Q sort provides
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impressive evidence for the effectiveness of person-centered therapy.
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With my childhood," Maslow observed, "it's a wonder I'm not ____"
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psychotic.
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Ergs and sentiments are
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dynamic motivating traits.
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Erikson's primary research method was
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the case study
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All of the following are personality factors identified by McCrae and Costa except
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deference
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The 16 PF Test is widely used
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for personality research and for predicting occupational success
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The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)
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measures time competence and inner directedness.
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Allport chose the term proprium for the
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ego or self
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In the business world, Rogers' therapy
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has been used as a training method for managers.
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At the lowest level of Maslow's hierarchy, we find ____ needs.
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physiological
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In his college student years, Maslow was influenced by the ideas of
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john b Watson
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Allport emphasized the importance of the
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present and the future.
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Temperament traits describe a person's
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emotional behavior
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Rogers' personality theory is rooted in
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humanistic psychology
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Maslow's first studies in psychology were
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training in experimental psychology.
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Rogers' work was influenced by his early
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solitude.
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Erikson's primary assessment technique was
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Erikson was skeptical of most assessment techniques
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In general, Cattell's theory is
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respected, but not widely followed.
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Rogers' work is significant in its attempt to
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define the self
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Allport believed that the emotionally healthy adult is
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no longer dominated or determined by childhood drives
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The only pre-determined belief of the person-centered therapist is
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the client's inherent value and worth.
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Self-actualizers can occasionally
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all of the answers
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Allport believed his famous meeting with Freud illustrated
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the error of placing too much importance on the unconscious.
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Carl Rogers' fully functioning person would
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all of them
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When the needs for affection and security are met in infancy
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all of the answers
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According to Eysenck's research, extraverts have lower levels of ____ than introverts.
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cortical arousal
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Erikson's use of psychohistorical analysis included such figures as
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Gandhi and Martin Luther.
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Maslow believed strongly in
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free will
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Malignancies develop when
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only the maladaptive tendency is present.
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At the end of World War II, there was a need for veterans to receive counseling quickly. Person-centered therapy was described as
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simple, informal, and brief.
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Maslow's image of human nature takes the position of
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free will
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Much of the POI research
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uses the correlational method.
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Metamotivation refers to
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the motivation of self-actualizers.
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Erikson's theory has been criticized because it is
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incomplete in its description of the last stage of maturity.
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In the stage of intimacy versus isolation, a person may prefer to
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all of the answers
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Maslow believed that the belongingness and love needs
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involves the need both to give and to receive love.
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Rogers believed that personality could only be understood from our own viewpoint, that is, based on a persons'
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subjective experiences
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During a peak experience, the person
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feels powerful, confident, and decisive
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On the uniqueness and universality issue, Cattell noted the existence of ____ traits and ___ traits
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common/unique
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Concerning cognitive needs, studies have been shown that emotionally healthy adults
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are motivated to improve their knowledge about unexplained events
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Allport believed the unconscious is actually
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important only in neurotic or disturbed behavior.
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Cattell's image of human nature stresses the concept of
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behavior as lawful, orderly, and therefore predictable.
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