Exam 2 A&PII – Flashcards
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1.The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the trachea. from the nose through the pharynx. from the nose through the larynx. from the nose through the alveoli from the nose through the lungs.
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from the nose through the larynx.
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2.The nose is divided into right and left halves termed the: nasal cavities. nasal fossae. nasal septa. nasal vestibules. nasal apertures.
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nasal fossae.
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3.Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages? vestibular and vocal ligaments laryngeal and corniculate corniculate and cricoid cricoids and arytenoids thyrohyoid and cricoids
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vestibular and vocal ligaments
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4.The most numerous cells in the lungs are called mucosal cells. type I alveolar cells. type II alveolar cells. dust cells. vibrissae.
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dust cells.
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5.Each alveolus is surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by the aorta. the pulmonary artery. the pulmonary vein. the inferior vena cava. the superior vena cava.
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the pulmonary artery.
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6. Which of the following cartilages is largest? the corniculate cartilage the epiglottic cartilage the thyroid cartilage the cricoid cartilage the arytenoid cartilage
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the thyroid cartilage
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7.____ states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases. Boyle's law Valsalva's law Dalton's law Charles's law Henry's law
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Dalton's law
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8.The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is called vital capacity. inspiratory reserve volume. expiratory reserve volume. residual volume. inspiratory capacity.
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inspiratory reserve volume.
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9.Vital capacity consists of inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume. inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume. expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume. expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume. respiratory volume + tidal volume
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expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume.
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10.Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what? tachypnea dyspnea orthopnea hyperpnea Kussmaul respiration
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Kussmaul respiration
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11.Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except carbaminohemoglobin. carbonic acid. carbonate. bicarbonate ions. dissolved gas.
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carbonate.
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12.The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ___ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen. sodium potassium nitrogen hydrogen chloride
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hydrogen
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13.Which has the highest concentration in the air we breathe? oxygen water vapor nitrogen carbon dioxide hydrogen
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nitrogen
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14.Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to _____ oxygen molecules. 1 2 3 4 5
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4
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15.Normally the systemic arterial blood has a Po2 of _____ mm Hg, a Pco2 of _____ mm Hg, and a pH of _____. 40; 95; 7.4 95; 40; 7.4 7.4; 40; 95 95; 7.4; 40 40; 7.4; 95
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95; 40; 7.4
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16. Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue? apoxia hypoxia anoxia cyanosis eupnea
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hypoxia
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17.Congestive heart failure results in which of the following? hypoxemic hypoxia ischemic hypoxia anemic hypoxia histotoxic hypoxia idiopathic hypoxia
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ischemic hypoxia
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18.In ___, the lungs are infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis. pneumonia dyspnea pneumothorax tuberculosis rhinitis
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tuberculosis
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19.Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi? squamous-cell carcinoma oat-cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma pulmonary edema cor pulmonale
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adenocarcinoma
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20.Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa? apnea adult respiratory distress syndrome acute bronchitis acute rhinitis asthma
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acute rhinitis
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21.Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ___ of the respiratory tract. squamous alveolar cells great alveolar cells the pleurae ciliated cells goblet cells
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goblet cells
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22.Among its other purposes, the Valsalva maneuver is used to aid in defecation and urination. as part of the procedure for giving CPR to a person in respiratory arrest. to ventilate the lungs during eupnea. to expel more than the usual tidal volume from the lungs. to clear carbon monoxide from the body and replace it with oxygen.
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to aid in defecation and urination
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23.Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is _____ mL/min. 2,400 3,600 4,200 5,600 6,400
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4,200
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24.Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? It controls the pH of body fluids. It promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood. It helps regulate blood pressure. It assists in the synthesis of vasodilators. It helps with defecation.
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It assists in the synthesis of vasodilators.
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25.Which of the following does not have cilia? the nasal cavity the trachea the bronchi terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles
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respiratory bronchioles
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26.Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the pharynx. the epiglottis. the oral cavity. the tongue. the lips.
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the epiglottis.
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27.In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow? atmospheric pressure respiratory rate bronchiole diameter quantity of surfactant the diaphragm
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bronchiole diameter
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28. A gangrenous diabetic ulcer can be treated with which of the following? hyperventilation hyperbaric oxygen hypercaloric intake hypoxic drive hyperoxidation
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hyperbaric oxygen
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29.Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air? an increase in membrane thickness an increase in alveolar surface area an increase in respiratory rate a decrease in membrane thickness a decrease in nitrogen solubility
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an increase in membrane thickness
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30. Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation? epinephrine fever thyroid hormone low pH erythrocyte count
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erythrocyte count
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31.Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide? hemoglobin carboxyhemoglobin carbonic anhydrase bisphosphoglycerate carbaminoreductase
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carbonic anhydrase
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32. In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen? 5% to 10% 10% to 15% 20% to 25% 30% to 40% 70% to 85%
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20% to 25%
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33.___ is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum. Asthma Oat-cell carcinoma Atelectasis Chronic bronchitis Emphysema
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Chronic bronchitis
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34. Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia? sickle-cell disease emphysema squamous-cell carcinoma asthma atelectasis
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sickle-cell disease
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35.A lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli is cor pulmonale. pulmonary hemosiderosis. emphysema. atelectasis. collapsed lung.
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emphysema.
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36.Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in a Bohr effect. adult respiratory distress syndrome. pneumothorax. atelectasis. Ondine's curse.
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Ondine's curse.
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37.Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called decompression sickness. hyperbaric disease. cerebral embolism. pulmonary barotrauma. pulmonary edema.
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cerebral embolism.
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38.The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the pontine respiratory group. the dorsal respiratory group. the ventral respiratory group. the medulla oblongata. the pons.
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the medulla oblongata.
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39.The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___ than in any other form. carbaminohemoglobin carboxyhemoglobin bicarbonate ions dissolved CO2 gas bisphosphocarbonate
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bicarbonate ions
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40.Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is ______ mL. 2,400 3,000 3,800 4,700 5,800
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4,700
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41.____________ is the physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside to the inside of the body. Ingestion Compaction Digestion Absorption Secretion
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Absorption
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42. The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called mesenteries. mucosae. submucosae. muscularis mucosae. muscularis externa.
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mesenteries.
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43.These nutrients are all absorbed without being digested except water. vitamins. proteins. minerals. cholesterol.
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proteins
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44.These are all accessory organs of the digestive system except tongue. liver. pancreas. salivary glands. spleen.
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spleen.
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45.Each of the following lists some of the tissue layers of the digestive tract. Which one has them in correct order from lumen to external surface? - lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa - serosa, lamina propria, submucosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa, lamina propria - mucosa, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, lamina propria - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, lamina propria, serosa
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lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
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46.The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by the falciform ligament. the mesentery. the greater omentum. the lesser omentum. the esophageal hiatus.
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the mesentery.
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47.Chemical digestion breaks down ____________ into _____________. proteins; nucleotides amino acids; proteins polysaccharides; amino acids nucleic acids; nucleotides fatty acids; cholesterol
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nucleic acids; nucleotides
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48.The ___________ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow and its neurons are found in the ____________. autonomic nervous system; serosa central nervous system; muscularis externa and muscularis mucosae enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa visceral sensory division; muscularis externa and submucosa visceral motor division; mucosa and submucosa
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enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa
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49.The surface of the tongue is covered with ____________ stratified squamous epithelium, and has bumps called __________________, site of taste buds. keratinized; lingual papillae keratinized; lingual frenulum nonkeratinized; lingual papillae nonkeratinized; tonsils nonkeratinized; vallate papillae
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nonkeratinized; lingual papillae
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50.Infants have ________________ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have ________________ permanent teeth. 20; 32 16; 20 28; 20 32; 20 32; 32
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20; 32
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51.From superficial to deep, these are the structures found in a typical tooth. cementum, root canal, enamel enamel, root canal, dentin dentin, enamel, cementum enamel, dentin, pulp crown, enamel, dentin
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enamel, dentin, pulp
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52.These are normally found in saliva except mucus. lysozyme. amylase. lipase. protease.
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protease.
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53.The ______________ gland is an extrinsic salivary gland; whereas the ______________ gland is an intrinsic salivary gland. Lingual; labial Submandibular; lingual Submandibular; sublingual Sublingual; parotid Lingual; sublingual
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Submandibular; lingual
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54.The swallowing center is located in the mouth. the oropharynx. the esophagus. the medulla oblongata. the enteric nervous system.
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the medulla oblongata.
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55. Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is normally prevented by pharyngeal constrictors. the upper esophageal sphincter. the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). esophageal glands. pharyngeal and buccal sphincters.
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the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
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56. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by ____________ cells. mucous regenerative (stem) parietal chief enteroendocrine
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parietal
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57. ____________, which is secreted by ___________ cells, is necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption. Intrinsic factor; parietal Bile salts; chief Lecithin; hepatic Hydrochloric acid; parietal Enterokinase; mucous
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Intrinsic factor; parietal
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58. ______________ is a hormone, whereas ________________ is an enzyme. Enterokinase; pepsin Gastrin; secretin Gastrin; cholecystokinin (CCK) Gastric lipase; histamine Secretin; pepsin
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Secretin; pepsin
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59._____________ is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions. The cephalic phase The gastric phase The intestinal phase The gastrointestinal phase The mesenteric phase
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The gastric phase
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60. The organ that stores excess glucose and releases it later into the blood is the pancreas. the stomach. the liver. the spleen. the small intestine.
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the liver.
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61. A hepatic triad consists of right, left, and common hepatic ducts. common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and bile duct. the hepatic portal vein and two hepatic ducts. bile ductule, branch of hepatic artery, and branch of hepatic portal vein. a central vein, hepatic lobule, and hepatic sinusoid.
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bile ductule, branch of hepatic artery, and branch of hepatic portal vein.
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62.Of the following components of bile, only _____________ has/have a digestive function. bile salts bilirubin cholesterol phospholipids neutral fats
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bile salts
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63. Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to the hormone insulin. cholecystokinin (CCK). secretin. glucagon. gastrin.
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cholecystokinin (CCK).
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64.Which of these is not a component of the pancreatic juice? trypsinogen chymotrypsinogen deoxyribonuclease sodium bicarbonate enterokinase
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enterokinase
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65.Which of these nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine? triglycerides amino acids glucose minerals water-soluble vitamins
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triglycerides
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66. The migrating motor complex milks the chyme toward the colon. allows a bolus to move down the esophagus. churns and mixes residue in the descending colon. churns and mixes a bolus with gastric juices. propels pancreatic juice down the pancreatic duct.
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milks the chyme toward the colon.
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67.The ______________ of the small intestine is/are similar to the _________________ of the stomach. villi; pyloric glands rugae; Peyer patches intestinal crypts; gastric pits goblet cells; parietal cells pyloric sphincter; ileocecal valve
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intestinal crypts; gastric pits
