Exam 2 – Microbiology Answers – Flashcards
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| Fungi/Eukaryotes Cell Walls |
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| Contain Chitin |
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| Eukaryotes Glycocalyx |
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| Slime layer or capsule for attachment -Fungi, protozoa, some algae |
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| Silicone Dioxide |
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| Algal Cell Wall |
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| Cytoplasmic Membrane |
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| Semipermeable lipid bilayer (phospholipid/proteins) |
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| Nucleus |
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| Command Center |
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| Nucleolus |
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| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA synthesis) |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER and SER) |
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| RER: Packing and transport of ribosomes SER: No ribosomes, store lipids, cisternae |
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| Lysozomes |
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| Digest food and for protection |
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| Vacuoles |
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| Storage for digestion or excretion |
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| Phagozomes |
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| Vacuoles and Lysozomes together |
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| Mitocondria |
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| Energy producers (can contain DNA) - considered primitive bacteria |
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| Chloroplasts |
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| Energy via photosynthesis. Some Algae, plant cells have photosynthetic pigment |
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| Ribosomes |
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| Protein Synthesis |
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| Cytoskeleton |
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| Similar to a prokaryote, can be symplistic, but can also be very complex. *Flexible framework of microfilaments and microtubules |
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| Fungi Macro and Micro |
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| Mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi AND Mold/yeast |
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| Yeast |
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| Round, ovoid shape, asexual reproduction, budding similar to fission, yet not a cell cycle |
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| Mold Types - Hyphae |
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| Long, filamentous fungi or mold |
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| Mold Types - Mycelium |
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| Entire "colonly" of hyphae and spores |
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| Dimorphic |
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| Yeast physically changes to become a mold or vice versa (physically changes its morphology dependent on temperature, esp. in lungs) |
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| Heterotrophic |
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| NOT OBLIGATE - usually saprobes (eg. dead trees) |
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| Mycoses Definition |
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| Fungal Infections, usually in cooler darker places like the feet |
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| Fungal Reproduction - Sexual |
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| Primarily through the spores on hyphae |
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| Fungal Reproduction - Asexual |
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| Spores through budding or mitosis -Conida and sporangium spores |
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| Sporangiospores |
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| Like a Dandilion, encased and not as bad |
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| Conidia |
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| 5 Different types, phialospores, look like broccoli, most spores |
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| Fungal Classification (According to Sexual Reproduction) |
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| Phylum Zygomycota - zygospores Phylum Ascomycota - ascospores and conidia (food related) |
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| Fungal Identification |
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| Isolation on specific media, Macro/micro ID of Asexual/spore forming structures/spores, hyphal type, colony margins, physiological characteristics, and genetic makeup |
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| Adverse Effects of Fungus |
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| Mycoses (infection) Allergies Toxins Destroy Foods |
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| Beneficial Effects of Fungus |
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| Antibiotics Break down Waste Alcohol Organic acids/vitamins Foods Genetic Studies |
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| Major Fungal Infections in Humans - Superficial (Skin) Outer/Mucous, Epidermis/Hair, Dermis |
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| Tinea, athletes foot, nail fungus, ringworm |
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| Major Fungal Infections in Humans - Systemic Lungs |
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| Coccydiodes: In construction and natural disaster Histoplasmosis: Primarily from guano/bird poo |
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| Major Fungal Infections in Humans - Systemic Brain (from initial Lung infection) |
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| Cryptococcus: Fungal meningitis/pneumonia |
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| The Protist |
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| Algae, protozoa (in or near H2O) |
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| Algae (Define) |
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| Photosynthesize, create all oxygen for the water (macro or micro) Classified according to color (pigment) - may or may not have flagella Often used in cosmetics due to color |
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| Diatoms (Define) |
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| Found in H2O, mud, etc. Have all different shapes (micro) and are colonial and multicellular (macro) |
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| Plankton (Define) |
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| Most are free-living in fresh or marine water, produce a lot of atm. O2 |
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| Dinoflaggelates (Define) |
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| Produce most potent neurotoxins, generally associated with seafood (e.g. Red Tide Algae, paralyzes diaphragm - neutrilized by heat). |
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| Protozoa (Define) |
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| Unicellular: Super important in environment but harmful to humans - can be spread by insect vectors Heterotrophic, lack chloroplasts, feed by engulfing microbes and organic matter. Sexual/Asexual reproduction (conjugation) |
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| Trophozoit (Define) |
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| Feeding stage of Protozoa |
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| Cyst (Define) |
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| Resting/dormant stage of Protozoa |
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| Classification of Protozoa (by Movement) |
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| Flagellar, Ameboid, and Cilia (and Apicomplexa) Mastigophora Sarcodina Ciliophora Apicomplexa |
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| Mastigophora |
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| Flagellar movement (sexual) of Protozoa |
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| Sarcodina |
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| Ameboid movement (asexual fission, free living) of Protozoa |
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| Ciliophora |
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| Cilia on trophozoits/cysts |
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| Apicomplexa |
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| Had movement, but no longer has it (eg. Malaria) |
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| Parasitic Helminths |
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| Only multicellular - have primitive organ systems, always parasitize host tissue. Can produce egg/sperm (girl, boy, or both) Fertlized eggs go through larval period in or out of host body |
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| Mouth parts for attachment/digestion (Helminths) |
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| Hooks, suckers, or both (scolex) |
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| Major Groups of Parasitic Helminths |
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| 1. Cesstodes (flatworm-tapeworm) 2. Trematodes (flatworm-fluke) 3. Nematode (roundworm) |
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| How are Helminths acquired? |
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| Primarily through ingestion, but in other areas they are acquired from soil, water, insect vectors (closer to equator). |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -amebic dysentery |
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| Entamoeba hystolica, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Chagas disease |
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| Trypanosoma cruzi, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Tapeworm |
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| Tania saginata (Beef), Helminth Tania solium (Pork) |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Hookworm |
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| Necator amaericanus, Helminth |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -African sleeping sickness |
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| Trypanisoma bruceii, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Pinworm |
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| Enterobius vermicularis, Helminth |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Filariasis (Elephantiasis) |
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| Wuchereria bancrofti, Helminth |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Amebic menigoencephalitis |
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| Naegleria fowleri, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Malaria |
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| Plasmodium vivax malaria ovale or falciparum, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Toxoplasmosis |
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| Toxoplasma gondii, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Trichinellosis |
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| Trichinella spiralis, Helminth |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Whipworm |
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| Tricuris trichiura, Helminth |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -River Blindness |
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| Onchocerca vovulus, Helminth |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Contact lens wearers blindness |
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| Acanthamoeba, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Ciliated protozoa causes diarrhea |
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| Balantidium coli, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Trichomoniasis STD |
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| Trichomonas vaginalis, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Giardiasis |
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| Giardia lamblia, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Leishmaniasis Cutaneous, Espundia, and Systemic (kala alazar) |
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| Leishmania species, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Sarcocytosis |
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| Sarcocystis species, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Chronic diarrhea |
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| Cryptosporidium parvum, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Cyclosporiasis |
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| Cyclospora cayetanensis, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Redwater fever of Cattle (tick bourn) aka Babesiosis aka Cyclic Fever |
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| Babesia, Protozoa |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Intestinal Roundworm Indigenous to Humans |
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| Ascaris lumbricoides, Helminth |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Threadworm |
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| Strongyloides stercorlis and Trichinella spiralis, Helminths |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -African Eye Worm |
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| Loa loa, Helminth |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Trematodes |
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| Schistosomes, Helminth |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Liver Fluke |
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| Clonorchis and Fasciola hepatica, Helminths |
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| Match Disease with Causative Agent -Lung Fluke |
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| Paragonimus westermani, Helminth |
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| Match Disease with Mode of Transmission -Amebic Dysentary |
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| ingestion of food contaminated by human feces |
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| Match Disease with Mode of Transmission -Chagas disease |
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| bite from the reduviid bug |
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| Match Disease with Mode of Transmission -Cyclosporiasis |
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| Ingesting fecally contaminated water or produce |
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| Match Disease with Mode of Transmission -Toxoplasmosis |
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| Contact with cats/cat feces or ingesting rare or raw meat |
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| Match Disease with Mode of Transmission -Giardiasis |
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| ingestion of cysts in water contaminated by wild animal feces |
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| Match Disease with Mode of Transmission -Tapeworm |
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| eating poorly cooked beef or pork |
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| Match Disease with Mode of Transmission -Filariasis |
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| bite from an Anopheles mosquito |
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| Match Disease with Mode of Transmission -Schistosomiasis |
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| Freshwater snail vector releases infectious stage (cercaria) |
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| Match Disease with Mode of Transmission -Ascariasis |
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| water or food contaminated with human feces containing eggs |
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| Match Disease with Mode of Transmission -River Blindness |
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| Bite from the black fly |
