question

Suppose a person is prescribed an opioid medication (similar to heroin) to treat a painful injury. After the injury heals, she takes the drug primarily to feel euphoria. Based on this information alone, what term would you use to describe her drug use?

answer

Drug misuse

question

Among college students, fewer than 1/4 have ever tried:

answer

Hallucinogens

question

Drug use that is not common within a social group and that is disapproved of by the majority, causing members of the group to take corrective action when it occurs is:

answer

Deviant drug use

question

Some drugs have the effect that, every time you take the drug, you increase slightly the probability that you will take it again. This process is referred to as:

answer

Reinforcement

question

One personality variable that has been consistently associated with higher rates of substance dependence is:

answer

High impulsiveness

question

Compared to young adults who finished high school only, those with college degrees:

answer

Are much more likely to drink alcohol & much less likely to use tobacco

question

Factors that are correlated with higher rates of drug use are known as:

answer

Risk factors

question

One very consistent finding is that students who report ____________ are less likely to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, or use any type of illicit drug.

answer

Having more involvement with region

question

One of the most important protective factors for drug use is:

answer

Believing that there are strong sanctions against substance use at school.

question

When we examine changes over the years in the percentage of high school seniors who say they have smoked marijuana, we find a clever inverse (mirror image) relationship to:

answer

Perceived risk of harm in using marijuana

question

What drug has been clearly linked to crime and violence?

answer

Alcohol

question

Those who are diagnosed with a personality disorder, such as antisocial personality disorder:

answer

Have an increased likelihood of also having a substance use disorder

question

As views of substance dependance have changed based on scientific research, the real driving force behind repeated excessive drug use is now believed to be:

answer

Psychological dependence, based on reinforcement

question

The occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome is evidence of:

answer

Psychological dependence

question

In comparing the relative toxicity of marijuana and cocaine, it is important to take into account:

answer

That many more people use marijuana than use cocaine.

question

From highest to lowest, the number of mentions in the 2009 DAWN emergency department database:

answer

Cocaine, prescription opioids, heroin, antidepressants

question

The Drug Abuse Warning Network

answer

Monitors drug-related medical emergencies.

question

Which is an example of chronic psychological toxicity?

answer

Lung cancer from smoking

question

When using a substance makes normal activities such as driving result in harmful accidents, this is called:

answer

Behavioral toxicity

question

Since the 1990's HIV transmission rates among intravenous drug users have been reduced from about 50% to about 10%. According to the text, what factor led to this decrease?

answer

Syringe exchange programs

question

A economic study of U.S. efforts to eradicate coca fields in South America indicated:

answer

That even if we produce massive disruption of one country's supply, market forces would replace the supply within two years.

question

Compared to urine samples, hair samples:

answer

Can detect drugs for up to 90 days.

question

According to current federal law, a find of up to $10,000 and loss of all federal (including student loans and grants) can result from conviction:

answer

For possession of small amounts of controlled substances

question

It is estimated that ____% of the illegal drug supply is seized by federal agencies each year.

answer

10-15%

question

Substances with high abuse potential and have currently accepted medical use are listed in:

answer

Schedule II

question

According t to the text, which of the following most accurately describes the recent drug laws in Portugal?

answer

Possession for personal use of all drugs is decriminalized.

question

Before the FDA approves an IND for human testing of a new drug:

answer

The drug has been tested in at least tow species of nonhuman animals.

question

Important changes to the regulation of drugs by the Food and Drug Administration occurred in 1938 and 1962, largely in response to:

answer

The Elixir Sulfanilamide poisonings and birth defects from Thalidomide.

question

The 1906 U.S. Law that prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated or mis-branded foods and the drug was called the:

answer

Pure Food and Drugs Act

question

When the Pure Food and Drugs Act was first passed, drugs were legally required to be:

answer

Pure and accurately labeled

question

The brain imaging technique that involves injection of radioactive chemicals in order to measure brain function is called:

answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

question

Whether the effect of a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory depends on:

answer

The type of receptor

question

Which of the following is found in most parts of the brain and is considered inhibitory?

answer

The neurotransmitter GABA

question

Natural chemicals in the brain that produce effects similar to those of morphine and other opium-derived drugs are called:

answer

endorphins

question

Weight control, aggression, impulsivity, and psychological depression have all been associated with:

answer

Serotonin Pathways

question

Neural centers controlling vomiting and respiration are found in the:

answer

Brain stem

question

Parkinson's disease produces tremors and muscular rigidity because of damage to:

answer

Dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway

question

The ____________ is an important link between the brain and the pituitary gland, and is involved in feeding, drinking, temperature regulation and sexual behavior.

answer

Hypothalamus

question

The disease ___________ results from a loss of myelin wrappings.

answer

Multiple sclerosis

question

Which chemical pathway appears to be important both in some types of psychotic behavior and in the reinforcing properties of various drugs?

answer

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

question

Which of these is given it's own classification category, due to it's complex effects at different doses?

answer

Marijuana

question

The threshold on a dose-response curve is the:

answer

Lowest dose at which there is an observable effect of the drug.

question

The potency of a drug is defined in terms of:

answer

The amount required to produce an effect.

question

The story of the Michigan police officer who ate marijuana-laced brownies and then called 911, is a good illustration of which basic psychopharmacology fact?

answer

Different routes of administration can produce markedly different drug effects.

question

The time-course of a drug's action depends on:

answer

How the drug is administered, how rapidly the drug is absorbed, and how the drug is eliminated from the body.

question

The blood-brain barrier:

answer

Prevents many drugs from entering the brain.

question

Some drugs may act on all types of neurons by:

answer

Altering the electrical potential across the cell membrane.

question

If repeated exposure to a drug increases the activity of the CYP450 enzyme that is responsible for metabolizing that drug, then later doses will be less effective than the first few doses. This is an example of:

answer

Drug disposition tolerance

question

Which of the following would be a reason for a drug company NOT to pursue expensive clinical trials of a new drug?

answer

The therapeutic index is less than 1.

question

Which route of administration will produced the fastest onset of effects?

answer

Inhalation

question

The ability of stimulants to improve mental performance:

answer

Depends on the complexity of the task, and the dose.

question

Although National Survey on Drug Use and Health Data indicates greater prevalence of illicit drug use among white Americans, black Americans represented more than 80% of those arrested for:

answer

Violation of federal crack cocaine laws

question

One of the more disturbing side effects of treating ADHD with amphetamines or methyylphenidate (Ritalin) is:

answer

Decreased height and weight gains in children.

question

The effect of amphetamines on weight control:

answer

Is real, but small and limited in duration.

question

What was NOT an early medical use for amphetamine first studied in the 1930's?

answer

Treating anxiety

question

Cocaine use during pregnancy now appears to be associated with:

answer

No consistent negative associations with physical growth, test scores or language in children.

question

Cocaetheylene

answer

Is formed in the body when cocaine and alcohol are used together.

question

What is cocaine still used for medically?

answer

It is used as a local anesthetic for nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal surgeries.

question

Cocaine's effects in the brain:

answer

Results from blocking serotonin, dopamine and nor epinephrine re uptake.

question

They most common way cocaine is used recreationly is by:

answer

Insufflation (snorting)

question

A drug that is unlawful to posses.

answer

Illicit drug

question

Drug use in greater than necessary amounts

answer

Drug misuse

question

Top three gateway drugs:

answer

1. Beer, wine 2. Hard liquor, cigarettes 3. Marijuana

question

Presence of a withdrawal symptom.

answer

Physical dependence

question

Toxicity resulting from behavioral effects of a drug.

answer

Behavioral toxicity

question

Why is physiological toxicity a problem?

answer

Social systems such as hospitals and insurance cover the cost from individual harm.

question

Top-three DAWN rankings of drug-related emergency

answer

1. Alcohol in combination 2. Cocaine 3. Prescription opioids

question

Top-three DAWN rankings of drug-related deaths

answer

1. Prescription opioids 2. Alcohol in combination 3. Benzodiazepines

question

Very high dependence potential:

answer

Heroin (IV), crack cocaine

question

High dependence potential:

answer

Morphine (injected), Opium (smoked)

question

Moderate/high dependence potential:

answer

Cocaine powder (snorted), tobacco cigarettes, PCP (smoked)

question

Moderate dependence potential:

answer

Diazepam (Valium), alcohol, amphetamines (oral)

question

Moderate/low dependence potential:

answer

Caffeine, MDMA (Ecstasy), Marijuana

question

Low dependence potential:

answer

Ketamine

question

Very low dependence potential:

answer

LSD, mescaline, psilocybin

question

Dealers and dispensers must pay a tax on opium and cocaine, register annually and use special forms ie. dentists, physicians and veterinary surgeons.

answer

Harrison Act of 1914

question

Subcortical brain structures controlling muscle tone.

answer

Basal Ganglia

question

Structure that prevents many drugs from entering the brain.

answer

Blood-brain barrier

question

Fight or flight

answer

Sympathetic of the ANS

question

Digestion, slows the heart rate, and relaxation.

answer

Parasympathetic of the ANS

question

Neurotransmitter that may be important for regulating walking and appetite.

answer

Nor epinephrine

question

Neurotransmitters:

answer

Action potentials, amino acids, peptides and monamines

question

The electrical signal transmitted along the axon when a neuron fires.

answer

Action potentials

question

How are hallucinogenic drugs and serotonin related?

answer

The drugs influence serotonin pathways.

question

How do psychoactive drugs work?

answer

The molecular structure of the drug is similar to the molecular structure of the neurotransmitter, thus the drugs interact with similar chemicals as the original neurotransmitters would have.

question

Parkinson's Disease

answer

A movement disorder involving damage to and/or loss of dopamine neurons along the nigrostrital dopamine pathway. Symptoms include tremors, rigidity of limbs, postural instability, and difficulty initiating movement.

question

MRI

answer

Magnets determine the amount of hydrogen at different locations.

question

PET

answer

Radioactive chemicals are injected into the bloodstream, scanned and then various amounts of the chemical in different regions of the body and brain.

question

fMRI

answer

Real time about blood flow and mood or perform behavioral or cognitive tasks. Measures BOLD (Blood, oxygen level depend)

question

Usually more safe and convenient, yet absorption rate can be unpredictable and there is a slow onset of drug effects.

answer

Oral

question

Liver metabolism avoided, rapid drug effects and reliable and convenient. However, potential for nasal necrosis.

answer

Insufflation

question

Liver metabolism avoided and rapid drug effects. However, suitable for irritation substances, an increased risk of adverse effects and potential for collapsed veins.

answer

Intravenous injection

question

Drug absorption can be slowed and constant providing a sustained drug effect, yet potential for pain and necrosis from irritation substances.

answer

Subcutaneous injection

question

Drug effects are more rapid than subcutaneous route, yet it is suitable for irritating substances, drug absorption can be unpredictable or unusual in very obese and emaciated individuals.

answer

Intramuscular injection

question

Liver metabolism is avoided and rapid drug effects, however, increased risk of direct adverse effects and potential for lung toxicity.

answer

Smoked

question

Stimulants

answer

Cocaine, amphetamine and caffeine

question

Hallucinogens

answer

Psilocybin, LSD and Ayahuasca

question

Depressants

answer

Alcohol, benzodiazepines, other sedatives, sleeping pills and inhalants

question

Opioids

answer

Morphine, codeine, heroin and ocycodone

question

Psychotheraputics

answer

Cymbalta, Abilify

question

Theraputic index

answer

Ratio of LD50 to ED50

question

Dosage difference between an acceptable level of effectiveness and the lowest toxic dose.

answer

Safety margin

question

Unintended effects that accompany therapeutic effects

answer

Side effects

question

How is cocaine used medically?

answer

Local anesthesia, depression and morphine dependence

question

Cocapaste

answer

Mixed with tobacco and smoked

question

Cocaine hydrochloride

answer

Most common form, snorted and injected.

question

Freebase

answer

Heated and vapors inhaled

question

Rock

answer

Freebase is mixed with water and baking soda and smoked

question

Uses of amphetamines

answer

Treatment of depression, weight control, narcolepsy and ADHD

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