Test Answers on Exam 1 – Microbiology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| What does the host provide to the parasite? |
answer
| 1. Space to live 2. Food 3. Protection |
question
| Homogenetic |
answer
| Relationship between 2 individuals ain the same species |
question
| Heterogenetic |
answer
| Relationship between 2 individuals of different species |
question
| Competition |
answer
| 2 species compete for same resources |
question
| Predation |
answer
| One species kills and eats another |
question
| Symbiotic |
answer
| 2 organisms living in close association |
question
| Symbiosis includes |
answer
| Phoresis Commensalism Parasitism Mutalism |
question
| Phoresis |
answer
| 2 symbiants traveling together |
question
| Commensalism |
answer
| 1 symbiant benefits and the other is unaffected |
question
| Parasitism |
answer
| 1 symbiant benefits and the other is negatively affected |
question
| Mutalism |
answer
| Both symbiants benefit |
question
| Animal parasites are found in 3 goups |
answer
| Protozoa (Unicellular) Helminths (Worms) Arthropoda |
question
| Helminths (worms) include |
answer
| Nematoda (Roundworms) Trematoda (Flukes) Cestoda (Tapeworms) |
question
| Platyhelminths (Dorso-ventrally flat) |
answer
| Trematoda and Cestoda |
question
| Invasion |
answer
| 1 organism gains access to the surface or internal tissues of another (little or no increase in numbers) |
question
| Infestation |
answer
| 1 organism gains access to the surface or tissues of another and small increase in numbers (Small = 10-dozens) |
question
| Infection |
answer
| 1 organism gains access to the surface or tissues of another and a huge (100's-millions) increase in numbers |
question
| While a predator may participate in destructive consumption a parasite feeds by |
answer
| Cropping (Eating little by little) |
question
| While the nutrition provided by the victim is the whole body or selected tissues for predators, it is ____ for parasites |
answer
| Fragments, fluids, etc |
question
| While a predator may be lethal to its victim |
answer
| A parasite is rarely lethal |
question
| While a predator may coexist with its prey, a parasite may live |
answer
| In or on its host |
question
| While a predator may be large or strong, a parasite is usually |
answer
| Smaller or much smaller |
question
| Fewer predators than |
answer
| Parasites |
question
| While a predator may come in contact with its prey momentarily, a parasite |
answer
| Comes in contact with its prey for a prolonged and/ or repeated amount of time |
question
| While a predator may "herd" for protection, a parasite |
answer
| Will not herd |
question
| While a predator usually won't cause disease unless its related to stress, a parasite |
answer
| Will often cause direct disease |
question
| Life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica |
answer
| 1. Person ingests cyst in contaminated food or water 2. Travels to Ileum and excysts 3. Divides via binary fission and matures to Trop stage 4. Matures in mucosal crypts |
question
| Amoebic dysentery |
answer
| Entamoeba histolytica dissolves mucosa to get at RBC's in capillaries for oxygen which causes the host irritation |
question
| Pathophysioogy of an entamoeba histolytica infection |
answer
| Mucosal infiltrate Ulceration in the cecum Gall Bladder-like symptoms Small flask ulcerations Rare- Affects the heart and lungs Very rare- Amoebic lung excess and histolysis of brain tissue |
question
| Three stages of Entamoeba histolytica infection |
answer
| 1. Noninvasive colonization 2. Intestinal disease (Diarrhea, dysentary) 3. Extra intestinal colonization (Break out to any other place in the body) |
question
| Excystation of Enatamoeba histolytica occurs |
answer
| Outside the body |
question
| Trophozoite form of Enatamoeba histolytica occurs |
answer
| Inside the body |
question
| Metacyst of Enatamoeba histolytica occurs |
answer
| Inside the ilium before the troph stage |
question
| Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)signs and symptoms include |
answer
| Headaches Stiff neck Nausea Vomitting tiredness |
question
| GAE causative organism |
answer
| Acathamoeba spp |
question
| GAE begins when |
answer
| Organism enters via lungs and spreads to CNS. Slow and chronic onset that is mostly found in ICP's |
question
| What may be found in patients with GAE? |
answer
| Trophs found in CSF or brain plus cysts in the brain |
question
| Amebic keratitis (AK) |
answer
| Disorder of the eyes produced by off-label (prolonged) use of disposable contact lenses |
question
| Risk factors of AK include |
answer
| Corneal foreign body Contact with non-sterile water Neurotrophic keratopathy Herples simplex karatits Radial kertomy Off-label contact lens use |
question
| Patients with AK present with |
answer
question
| Giardia lamblia |
answer
| First discovered in 1681 by Leeuwenjoek in his stool. Called it pissabed 1859 Vilem Lambl calle it cercomonas intestinalis 1879 Kuntsler found giardia like organism and called it Giardia agilis 1915 Stiles found Giardia lamblia |
question
| Giardia lamblia patho |
answer
| Infects the upper respiratory tract and may penetrate to liver and gall bladder. May cause irritation to mucosal lining. May need 5 or 6 stool specimen |
question
| Giardia lamblia life cycle (Takes 6-8 hours) |
answer
| 1. Person eats cyst 2. Excyst in the duodenu and divides via binary fission 3. Recyst before it reaches the rectum |
question
| Giardia lamblia cyst |
answer
| Has up to 4 nuclei. |
question
| Giardia lamblia symptoms |
answer
| Mild diarrhea, anorexia, flatulence, decrease serum protein, gamma globulin, folic acid and fat soluble vitamins |
question
| Chilomastix mesnili |
answer
| Non pathogen. Cyst looks like lemon drop. |
question
| Trichamonas hominis |
answer
| Only intestinal flagellate with no cyst. Non pathogen |
question
| Trichamonas vaginalis |
answer
| Found in the Gentro-urinary tract (Similar to trich. hominis) causes vaginal discharge, burning, itching in female. Often aymptomatic in males |
question
| Best specimen for trich vaginalis |
answer
| Urethral, vaginal, prostate, urine. Should be collected warm in 2-3% glucose with 0.87% Nacl |
question
| Trichamonas tenax. (Trich buccalis) |
answer
| Found in the tarter of teeth in the pyorrheal pockets and tonsilar crypts |
question
| Trichamonas tenax spread via |
answer
| Shared contaminated dished, drinking glasses, respiratory pathogen |
question
| Enterobius hominis |
answer
| Rare, tropical and temperate areas, not a pathogen |
question
| Retortamonas intestinalis (also called Embadomonas spp) |
answer
| Not common, only seen in tropical and temperate regions. Troph small with 2 anterior flagella and cytosome near nucleus |
question
| Retortamonas intestinalis cyst |
answer
| Smaller then troph has 1 large nucleolus. Contains "Bird's Beak fibrils" (piece left over from troph form) |
question
| Dientamoeba fragilis |
answer
| Cosmopolitan organism. Very resistant, possible pathogen. Considered ameboflagellate. Can live in mucosal crypts, ingest rbc's. Found in most mental health facilities and pediatric populations |
question
| Dientamoeba fragilis symptoms |
answer
| Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, fatigue |
question
| Intestinal cilliates |
answer
| Balantidium coli |
question
| Balantidium coli |
answer
| Found in tropical and temperatre regions, common in hogs and monkeys. Found in the lg intestine and cecum, eat bacteria, ingress organism |
question
| Balandtidium coli troph |
answer
| Covered with cilia |
question
| Balantidium coli life cycle |
answer
| 1. person eats it 2. excysts 3. Divides 4. Feeds on mucosal crypts 5.Encysts 5. Shit out |
question
| Balantidium coli patho |
answer
| Patients are asymptomatic or may have severe dysentary for weeks to months. Can penetrate tissue. Produces hyaluronidase |
question
| Malaria related organisms (Falciparum organisms) are in the order and class |
answer
| Eucoccidiida |
question
| 80% of all Malaria cases are caused by the organism. |
answer
| Plasmodium vivax. |
question
| 15% of all Malaria cases are caused by the organism |
answer
| Plasmodium falciparum |
question
| Where did malaria parasites originate? |
answer
| Africa and fossils of mosquitos |
question
| What are the vectors for Malaria? |
answer
| Anopheles spp. mosquitos |
question
| What is the most pathogenic species of plasmodium? |
answer
| Falciparum |
question
| Plasmodium life cycle (Exoerythytic shigonomy portion) |
answer
| 1. Take bloodmeal from person and inject infective stage sporozoites into another human via the capillaries in the human peripheral CVS 2. Escape to liver within 40 mins 3. Invade pharyngeal cell |
question
| Plasmodium life cycle after exoerythytic shigonomy |
answer
| 1. Development continues to mature EES schizont 2. Once mature schizont ruptures, releasing merozoites into the blood that enter gametocytosis in the peripheral blood |
question
| Merozoites have apex (front ends) and are said to be |
answer
| Apicomplexical organisms |
question
| Plasmodium escapes via |
answer
| Proteases (Falciparum and chlamydia) Pore-forming proteins (PFP's) Unique methods (Toxoplasma gondii) |
question
| Erythrocyte schizogony proceeds from |
answer
| Young troph-Applique forms, motile, contribute to early stippling Immature schizont- 2 or more nuclei, more stippling and expanded cytoplasm Mature schizont- Max stippling and a lot of endomitotic reduction division Merozoites released |
question
| Merozoites that enter RBC to begin the process of gametogenesis create |
answer
| Microgametocytes (Male) Macrogametocytes (Female) Which can be picked up by the mosquito in another blood meal |
question
| What happens when ingested gametocytes begin sporogeny in a new mosquito? |
answer
| Sporogeny begins in mosquito GIT, microgametocyte emerges from its ingest RBC s a motile sperm and fertilizes macrogametocyte. Zygote (Product of sperm and egg) form a sporozoite |
question
| Ookinete |
answer
| Develops from fertilized plasmodium ova. Matures via EMRD to sporozoites. Invades mosquito GIT epithelial cells |
question
| Where must the sporozoite mature in the mosquito to enter the infective stage? |
answer
| In the salivary glands |
question
| Merozoite |
answer
| Non-motile and invades RBC's |
question
| Sporozoite |
answer
| Motile Invades liver cells |
question
| What can result due to cellular material buildup caused by malaria? |
answer
| Nephrotic syndrome |
question
| Plasmodium vivax |
answer
| Found in almost all endemic areas. Infected RBC's appear to be larger than non-infected RBC's. May have Schuffner's Dot 10-17 day inc period |
question
| Young plas vivax troph |
answer
| Applique form |
question
| PLas vivax symptoms include |
answer
| Headache, photophobia, Musular aches, nausea, vomitting. |
question
| Plasm vivax Primary attack stage |
answer
| Primary attack followed by periodic paroxysms and sudden chills, hot stage, severe frontal headaches, backaches. Patient becomes excited flushed and disoriented |
question
| Plasm vivax sweating stage |
answer
| Profuse sweating, exhausted (sleeps 10-12 hours), feels fine upon awakening |
question
| The effects of plasm vivax due to hemolysis and liberation of RBC metabolites. In vivax malaria only what cell is affected and what does this cause? |
answer
| Retics Causes increased phagocytosis, hemolysis, spleen size and liver size Malarial pigment may collect in the spleen |
question
| For what type of malaria would it not be unusual to get thrombosis in the capillaries of the brain and why? |
answer
| Falciparum Because of the antigen antibody complex |
question
| Malaria serum chemistry results |
answer
| Decreased albumin and globulin Increased potassium due to hemolysis |
question
| Plas falciparum fever pattern |
answer
| Merezoites released= High fever Schizogony = Temp fluctuates and then decreases Merozoites released again = High temp |
question
| Anemia due to malaria would cause |
answer
| Microcytosis, hypochromia due to hemolysis by parasite, interference with hematopoiesis and capillary hemorrhage |
question
| Blackwater Fever |
answer
| Occurs during falciparum infection Intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuremia. Hemoglobin cysts and tubular epithelial cells in the urine (Pee is black) |
question
| Hemoflagelates are |
answer
| Likely pathogens in certain situations |
question
| Anoher name for Leishmanial stage |
answer
| Amastigote |
question
| Anoher name for Leptomonad stage |
answer
| Promastigote |
question
| Another name for Crithidial stage |
answer
| Epimastigote |
question
| Anoher name for Trypanosomal stage |
answer
| Trypanomastigote |
question
| Hemoflagelates replicate by |
answer
| 3-step process that involves longitudinal fission |
question
| Trypanosoma brucei |
answer
| Causes African trypanosomiasis |
question
| Trypanosoma brucei Life cycle for |
answer
| 1.Take blood meal which contains trypanosomal stage. 2. Morphs into crithidial stage 3. Another fly takes blood meal with the organisms in the crithidial stage 4. Those organisms then molt into the trypanosomal stage |
question
| Why does molting in the Tse tse fly occur? |
answer
| Due to metabolic differences in teh GIT of the Tsetse fly vs the human CVS |
question
| Vector for trypanosoma brucei |
answer
| Glossina palpalis (W) Glossina mordisans (E) "Tsetse Fly" |
question
| Trypanosoma brucei inc period |
answer
| 5-30 days Trypanosomal stages in the patient's CVS Blood smear pos Parasitemia fluctuates Trypanosomes invade the lymphatics and colonize the lymph nodes Enlargement of the cervical LNS (Winterbottom's sign) Increased lymph count Increased IgM |
question
| Syndrome phase of Trypanosoma brucei |
answer
| Trypanosomes invades the CNS Apathy Fatigability Somnolence sleepy Emaciation Character changes Paraplegia Coma Death |
question
| What kind of specimen is appropriate late in the process for both Trypanoma species |
answer
| CSF |
question
| Example of how human error can increase parasites |
answer
| Europeans teach Africans to burn grass at then end of growing season to return nitrogen to the soil quicker. Burning of the grass reduced ant population which is the predator of the Glossima pupae. Without ants the Glossima pupae increased. Europeans shot leopards who were the primary predators of antelope whose population increased. The increase in Antelope caused an increase in Glossima who were their primary food source. |
question
| Nematode |
answer
| "Roundworms" Contain a plasmid (Olfactory organ), most are freelviing, important parasites of plants and about 80,000 are parasites to vertebrates.Found in warm region of the world. Females usually twice the size of males. |
question
| General characteristics of Nematodes |
answer
| Oral opening Anterior digestive tract Muscular esophagus Usually pale in color unless gravid female Non-cellular (secreted) hard cuticle covering |
question
| Uniform lumen |
answer
| Filiform larva |
question
| Lumen expanding to posterior bulb |
answer
| Rhabditiform larva |
question
| Male nematode characteristics |
answer
| Males have a copulatory spicule |
question
| Ascaris lumbercoides |
answer
| 10-20cm. Found in Temperate and tropical regions |
question
| What conditions may cause a 50% penetration rate? |
answer
| Indiscriminated defecation Warmth (20-25 degrees Celsius) Soil is clay or heavy loam High humidity Areas of poor sanitation often have 100% penetration |
question
| A single infected ascaris lumbercoides host may have how many parasites a day? |
answer
| 3-4 up to 1,000 parasites. May produce 2-3 x 10^7 eggs/day/patient Avg 2 x 10^5 eggs/day/female for 6 months-1 year |
question
| Ascaris lumbercoides life cycle (Takes 2 1/2 months in hist. 2.5 weeks in the external environment) |
answer
| 1. Person eats embryonated ovum 2. Larvae escapes covering and travels to small intestine, liver, cardiovascular system, lung, cardiovascular system 3. Then travels to pharynx where they stimulate nerve endings, are swallowed and enter the GI tract 4. Pooped out eventually |
question
| Acaris eggs in feces require what? |
answer
| Warm moist soil and a 5-8 degree decrease Celsius |
question
| Male Ascaris lumbercoides have |
answer
| Dorso flexion (Curved tail) |
question
| Ascaris infections in children may cause |
answer
| Stunted growth |
question
| Adult Ascaris worm infection may cause |
answer
| High worm burdens, Abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction |
question
| Ascaris infections |
answer
| Early on the patient is asymptomatic and may see Colic C in children, lactose indigestion in some Lung phase of larval migration Pulmonary symptoms include cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis (Hemorrage from 20mm diamter larvae in 10mm diameter alveolar capillaries) eosinosis pneumonitis, Loeffler's syndrome (also with increased IgG and IgM) |
question
| Migrating adult Ascaris worms may cause |
answer
| Symptomatic occlusion of the billiary tract, oral expulsion and rectal expulsion |
question
| What is the tpyical microscopic procedure for identification of ascaris eggs in the stool? |
answer
| 1. Collect stool specimen 2. Fix specimen in 10% formalin 3. Concentrate using the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation technique (Rictchre) 4. Examine a wet mount of the sediment |
question
| What quantitative assessments can be used to identify ascaris eggs? |
answer
| Kato-kanz procedure Larvae can be identified in sputum or gastric aspirate during pulmonary migration phase. Formalin fixed organisms for morphology. Adult worms passed in stooll |
question
| Enterobius vermicularis |
answer
| Most common helminth in temperate regions, aided by close, crowded indoor living. 2.5mm x 0.2 mm (Male) 8-13mm (Female) Habitat is the end of the small intestine/cecum/ beginning of the colon |
question
| Describe the egg laying process of enterobius vermicularis |
answer
| Female migrates down the colon to the rectum and crosses through the anal sphincter late at night. In the mornin she deposits 10,000-15,000 eggs and then dies |
question
| Enterobius vermicularis eggs can survive for how long. How long does it take for full embryonation? |
answer
| Eggs survive 2-4 weeks. Embryonation takes 3-5 hours |
question
| Enterobius vermicularis life cycle |
answer
| 1. Person eats ovum 2. Larvae attach to end of small intestine and mature 3. Adult females migrate to periannal region late at night to lay eggs |
question
| Enterobius vermicularis patho |
answer
| Patient is asymptomatic, puritic (itchy), poor sleep, irritability |
question
| Lab dizgnosis fo enterobius vermicularis includes |
answer
| Scotch tape test |
question
| Hookworms |
answer
| Ancyclostoma duodenale (Old worm hookworm) Necator Americanus (New world hookworm. came to America upon arrival of African slaves) |
question
| Hookworm life cycle |
answer
| 1.Filariform larva (infective stage) penetrate skin by crawling up foot and cause allergic reation. 2. It ends up in the circulation where it may enter the CVS because of increased oxygen tension. 3. From the CVS it travels to lungs, trachea and pharnyx where it is swallowed. 4. Matures in small intestine 5. Eggs release in feces and mature in the soil to rhabditiform larvae, then they develop into filariform larvae |
question
| When hookworms attach to the small intestine and suck blood. They may cause what? |
answer
| Microcytic, normochromic anemia |
question
| Hooworm rhabdidiform to filaria takes how long |
answer
| 2-5 days (2 molts) |
question
| Hooworm rhabdidiform compared to filariform |
answer
| Rhabdidiform is shorter and more muscular while the filariform is longer and skinnier |
question
| Hookworm egg volume |
answer
| L x W^2 (Allows for discrimination beetween hookworm eggs and Ter. derminutis eggs) >170,000 u^3 = Ter. derminutis <150,000 u^3 = Hookworm |
question
| Some hookworm diagnosis methods |
answer
| Find ova in stool Semi-quantitative -Stoll count Hookworm culture -Baerman appartus |
question
| Strongyloides stercoralis |
answer
| Same as the hookworm but the Female larva is fertilized by the male larva in the lungs |
question
| What is the only nematode that can survive its entire life cycle outside of the body? |
answer
| Stronglyloides stercoralis |
question
| Strongyloides stercoralis patho |
answer
| Asymptomatic, rash, symptoms of pneumonia, chrome diarrhea (up to 30 years) Steatorrhoea, dehydration, low-grade fever |
question
| Trichuris trichuria |
answer
| Known as the "Whip worm" or "Hair tail"Present worldwide but most common in tropical areas |
question
| Trichuris trichuria life cycle |
answer
| 1. Ingest fully embryonated egg 2. Hatches and feeds in vila 3. Matures to adult in the ceum |
question
| Trichuris trichuria patho |
answer
| Asymptomatic Prolapse of the rectum Anemia Mild eosinophilia |
question
| Trichinella spiralis |
answer
| Causes trichinosis. Known as the "trichina worm". Can be found encysted in the meat of pork, bear, walrus and others. |
question
| Trichinella spiralis patho |
answer
| Adults may get cramps, diarrhea, muscle twitching/weakness Larva entering the CVS may cause eosinophilia, and peri-orbilal edema. |
question
| Filariodea |
answer
| Differ from most other neamtodes by using an arthropod vector. Adults live in the tissue of a vertebrate host Female does not lay eggs but rather is viviparous in delivery |
question
| Microfilaria development |
answer
| Microfilaria develop in human CVS, then futher develop into the filariform in the vector. |
question
| Microfilaria |
answer
| Ribbon-like not nucleated to the very end of the organism |
question
| Filariform male dies when what occurs? |
answer
| After fertilization of the female |
question
| Two groups of Filariodea |
answer
| Filarids (found in the tropics) and Tissue worms (found in the Western Hemisphere) |
question
| Filarids include |
answer
| Brugia malayi Wuchereria bruncofti Mansonella ozzardi Dipetalonema perstans Loa loa |
question
| Upper extremity elephantitis can be caused by which organisms |
answer
| Brugia malayi Wucheria bancrfoti |
question
| Tissue worms include |
answer
| Onchocerca volvulus Dipetalonema streptocerca |
question
| Wuchereria bancrofti (Lower extremity problems) vectors include |
answer
| Ades spp Culex spp Anophales spp Mansonia spp |
question
| How many microfilaria must the vector pick up to continue an infection in another organism? |
answer
| More than 10 If he picks up more than 100 he dies |
question
| Wuchereria bancrofti symptoms |
answer
| Tenderness Swelling Fever Known as Munu |
question
| Brugia malayi |
answer
| Upper extremitites |
question
| Mansonella perstans |
answer
| Adults found in peritoneal cavity or lungs |
question
| Mansonella ozzardi |
answer
| Vector Biting Midge "Blackfly" |
question
| Trematodes Class distinction |
answer
| Class Turbellaria -most are free-living, no human parasites Class Trematoda -All are parasitic "flukes" |
question
| Trematoda can be monogenea which means |
answer
| They have 1 host and are ectoparasites of fish |
question
| Trematoda can be digenea which means |
answer
| They have 2 or more hosts and are ectoparasites of reptiles and birds |
question
| Trematoda characterstics |
answer
| Dorsoventrally flat, do not have coelom, have an incomplete digestive tract and most are hemaphroditic and self fertilizing |
question
| Life cycle of Trematoda |
answer
question
| Schistoma spp |
answer
| Only medically significant trematode to not be hermaphroditic, thrive in ditches, cause problems at places such as the great dam at Aswan, Egypt |
question
| Schistosoma mansoni |
answer
| Vectored planorbiadae (Snail family) |
question
| Schistosoma life cycle |
answer
question
| Clonorchis sinensis |
answer
| Metacercaria form is encysted in fish muscle tissue. Clonorchis sinensis is endemic in Kore, China. Live in bilary ducts and the presence of adults can cause inflammationa and intermittent obstruction |
question
| Clonorchis sinensis patho acute phase |
answer
| Ab pain, nausea, diarrhea |
question
| Clonorchis sinensis patho chronic infection |
answer
| Cholangitis Cholelithiasis Pancreatitis |
question
| Opsithurcis/ clonorchis ultrasound will show |
answer
| Multiple liver absesses and cystic or "mulberrry-like" dilations |
question
| Metagonimiasis |
answer
| Far East, Siberia |
question
| Metagonimiasis patho |
answer
| Diarrhea Colicky ab pain Migration of the eggs to extraintestinal sites such as the heart and brain |
question
| Heterophyes heterophyes |
answer
| Egypt, Middle East. Cause diarrhea and colicky ab pain |
question
| Heterophyes heterophyes life cycle |
answer
question
| Cestoda |
answer
| "Tapeworms".Consist of a scolex (head) and a strobula (proglottid). All are hermaphroditic. Capable of self fertilization from one proglottid to the next |
question
| Cestoda life cycle |
answer
| 1. Person ingests organism which was encysted in the muscle tissue of fish. 2. Scolex attaches to small intestine and sucks in nutrients 3. Proglottids begin to form 4. Eggs formed in feces 5. Eggs embyryonate in the water 6. Coracidia hatch from eggs and are ingested by copapods 6. Larvae forms inside copapods 7. Fish eat copapod and plerocercoids form in the fish muscle. |
question
| Cysticercus larva |
answer
| Found in cow and pigs |
question
| Procercoid larva |
answer
| Found in cepepod |
question
| Piercercoid larva |
answer
| Fish |
question
| Cysticercoid larva |
answer
| Insect |
question
| Acetabulum type |
answer
| Vinegar cup -Rostellum with or without hooklets |
question
| Bothria type |
answer
| Multiple bothria |
question
| Raised, armed rostellum |
answer
| Taenia pisiformis |
question
| Cestode Female reproductive organs include |
answer
| Ovary Oocyte Uterus Uterie pore Vagina |
question
| Cestode Male reproductive organs include |
answer
| Testes |
question
| Dibothriocephalus latus |
answer
| Fish tapeworms, broad tapeworms. Distinguishing features include the uteran pore and multiple genital pores. 2 "lip" type flaps with two sucers at the end of the scolex |
question
| Dibothriocephalus latus life cycle |
answer
| 1. Human ingests pleurocercoid which was encysted in muscle tissue of fish 2. Scolex attaches to intestine and matures to an adult 3. Unembryonated eggs passed in the feces 4. Once in water, eggs are embryonated and referred to as Hexacanth embryo or onchosphere 5. Matures into caracidium and is ingested by a copapod which is then eaten by a fish |
question
| Dibothriocephalus latus patho |
answer
| Asymptomatic, B12 deficiency (if the scolex attaches to the proximal jejunum selectively absorbs B12 Patient will have pernicious anemia and spargenosis |
question
| Non-human (usually) species invades |
answer
| All human tissues and are "ectopic" and migrate to tissue into a sporganum. Often caused by applying tissue (frog, snake) to open wound |
question
| Lab diagnosis for Dibothriocephalus latus |
answer
| Look for opercular knob |
question
| Cyclophyllideas |
answer
| Taenia solium Taenia saginata |
question
| Taenia solium |
answer
| Common in the U.S. comes from undercooked pork. 1. Intermediate host, 1 adult/Primary host. 4-7 metes. 1 per person. Rasied, armed rostellum |
question
| Taenia saginata |
answer
| "Beef tapeworm". Frequent in the U.S. 8-15 meters. Usually no more than 3 per patient. Stump rostellum. 6.0 x 10^8 ova/yr/scolex |
question
| Taenia lifecycle |
answer
| 1. Humans ingest scolex in pig/cow muscle tissue 2. Scolex attache to small intestine and matures to adults 3. Eggs or gravid proglottids are passed in feces into the environment. 4. Cows and pigs eat infected grass |
question
| Proglottids from taenia species can do what once they are in the GIT? |
answer
| Crawl out of the GIT, creep along the ground and disintegrate, spreading their eggs. |
question
| Taenia solium patho |
answer
| Asymptomatic Vague ab pain Hunger/drowsiness Chronic indigestation |
question
| Taenia saginata patho |
answer
| Asymptomatic. Cysticercosis. Often called custocarcis boving. |
question
| Lad diagnosis of Taenia spp |
answer
| Find ova or proglottid in feces. Examine proglottid and use 10%EtOH slowkill to prevent the uterus from contracting |
question
| Echinococcus granulosus |
answer
| Causes hydatid cyst disease Dog tapeworm Larval stage (cyst) infects humans. Occurs in cattle, sheep and goat raising countries |
question
| Echinococcus granulosus life cycle |
answer
| 1. Eggs passed in dog feces 2. Ingested in humans and travel to small intestine 3. Lodge in the lungs |
question
| Hymenolepis diminuta |
answer
| Rat parasite with a peach pit ova |
question
| Hymenolepis nana |
answer
| Rat parasite, patients are often asymptomtic |
question
| Dipylidium caninum |
answer
| Dog parasite |
question
| General intestinal amoeba life cycle |
answer
| 1. Person eats infective cyst in contaminated food or water. 2. Cyst excysts in colon and reproduces asexually. 3. Infective cyst exits in formed stool, troph passes in liquid or soft stool and intestinal wall erosion (by ent. histolytica which leads to liver via the circulatory system and then to a hepatic abscess. |
question
| Leishmania spp life cycle |
answer
| 1. Sandfly bites human and regurgitates promastogote into the person. 2.Promastigota transforms into an amastigote and multiplies intracellularly. 3. Amastigote is then ingested by sand fly and transformaed into promastigote in the midgut of the fly. |
question
| Which organism has a safety pin fibril |
answer
| Chilomastix mesnili |
question
| Patient diagnosis process |
answer
| 1. Patient presents with signs, symptoms and appearance. 2. History and physical 3. Physician created Rule out List (Differential diagnosis) 4. Objective information. Orders lab tests, etc 5. Diagnosis 6. Therapy 7. Assessment of post treatment progress |
question
| Paragonumus westermani Life cycle |
answer
| 1 Person consumes metacercariae from inadequately cooked crustaceans 2. Excysts in duodenum 3. Entitiy develops into and adult fluke in the lungs 4. Expel organism in sputum or feces 5. Travels to water and embryonates. Hatches and penetrates. Can be obtained by eating raw crabs or fish |
question
| Paragonimus kellicotti |
answer
| Endemic to North America Causes pain and severe coughing, hemoptysis |
question
| Fasciola (Found wherever sheep and cattle are raised) Life cycle |
answer
| 1. Eggs released in stool and become embryonated in the water. 2. Eggs release miracidia which invade a snail host 3. Parasite matures (sporocyst, rediae, cercariae 4. Cercariae escape from snail and encyst as metacercariae on aquatic vegetation. 5. Humans ingest the plants and the metacercariae excysts in the duodenum 6. Travel to the biliary ducts where they mature into an adult fluke |
question
| Localized dermatitis caused by what parasite |
answer
| Schistosoma cercarial penetration |
question
| Parasite first found in Egyptain mummies |
answer
| Schistosoma |
question
| Cercarial dermatitis |
answer
| Caused by metacercariae of schistosoma at skin penetration, causes petechial hemorrhage |
question
| Acute schistosomiasis |
answer
| Caused by schistosoma, causes katayama fever, looks like serum sickness, could cause hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and eosinophilia |
question
| Schistosoma haematobium |
answer
| Can cause pulmonary issues |
question
| Schistosoma can cause |
answer
| Bacterial complications with mostly salmonella spp Circulating immune complexes. |
