Flashcards on Test on Exam 1 – Microbiology
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Unlock answers| Who was the father of Microbiology? |
| Antony van Leeuwenhoek |
| Who disproved the Spontaneous Generation and what did he do? |
Francesco Redi Put meat in 3 containers: one uncovered, one covered with paper, and one covered with gauze |
| Who heated meat broth then stoppered it, which became cloudy and stated, "organic matter contains vital force?" |
| John Needham |
| Who trapped stuff from air in sterile cotton and put in sterile medium and had stuff grow in swan flasks? |
| Louis Pasteur |
| Who said dust carries germs and to get rid of dust, would keep broth sterile even if exposed to air? |
| John Tyndall |
| What is Louis Pasteur known for? |
| pasteurization, vaccines, chicken cholera, rabies, and anthrax |
| Who saw smallpox, created a vaccine from cowpox? Who originaly observed smallpox vaccination? |
| Edward Jenner/ Lady Montagu |
| What di Robert Koch do? |
Isolated Anthrax agent and Koch's Postulates: 1. Microoranisms must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy org. 2. Microorganisms must be isolated and grown in pure culture 3. Same disease must result from inoculation of isolated microorganisms into healthy isolated 4. same microorganisms must be isolated from diseased host |
| Who invented the Petri plate? |
| Richard Petri |
| What is Martinus Beijerinck known for? |
| filterable virus: tobacco mosaic virus, soil microbiology, enrighment techniques |
| What is Sergei Winogradsky known for? |
| soil microbiology and enrighment techniques (came before Martinus) |
| Who discovered childbed fever was spreading person to person and that must wash hands with calcium chloride to stop it? |
| Ignaz Semmelweis |
| Who invented antiseptic surgery and to sterilize instruments and wash hands? |
| Joseph Lister |
| What does "F" stand for? |
| Focal point |
| What does "f" stand for? |
| Focal length |
| What is the ability of a lens to separate or distinguish between small objects that are close together? |
| Resolution |
| What is theta? |
| half angle of light |
What is this equation:
d=0.5(lambda) /n sin(theta) |
| the distance between two objects at which they are perceived as distinct |
| What are the two types of dyes? |
Basic: bind to negatively charged
Acidic: bind to positively charged |
| Define simple stains: |
| one dye and staind everythign |
| Define differential stain: |
| differentiate mixtures of bacteria; different microbes |
| What are two more types of staining? |
Gram stain
Acid-fast stain: staind with stain and wash with alcohol and acid fast will stain and non acid fast will wash out |
| What does flagellar stain, stain? |
| Flagellum |
| What stains everything but the capsule (negative staining)? |
| Capsule Stain |
| How can you get staining to not kill the sample? |
| By messing with the phase of light to image live cells |
| Dark field microscope: |
| dark field with light sample |
| Phase contrast: |
| has annular stop and phase plate, wavelength gets retarted and thus cancels out, darker image and lighter background. |
| Describe Differential Interference Contrast |
| 2 plarized beams at right angles, 1 through sample, 1 through slide, beams are combined to interfere with each other, creates 3D image |
| Epifluorescence: |
| sample gives off light, sample stained with fluorochrome which absorbs excitation light as energy and releases as emmission light. |
| Confocal Scanning Laser: |
| specimen are 3D, light and fluorescence capture light from entire sample as confocal scanning laser focuses on a single plane |
| 2 types of Electron microscopy: |
Transmission: fix the sample (preserve structures), embed in plastic, thin slices
Scanning: whole samples, capture image of scattered electrons, coat with gold |
| Describe Freeze-Etch, Freeze-Facture |
| quick reeze, less fixation, preserve ultrastructures |
| Scanning Probe Microscopes: |
| moving a probe across a surface, measure the movement of the probe; two types: scanning tunneling and atomic force |
| What microscope would you use to see live bacteria swimming? |
| phase contrast |
| What microscope would you use to see atomic orientation of a protein? |
| atomic force or scanning tunneling |
| What microscope would you use to see 3D architecture of a bacterium? |
| confocal |
| What microscope would you use to see a virus? |
| electron or scanning electron |
| What are the types of microbes? |
Prokaryotic: bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic: fungi and protists
Viruses |
| What 3 things do mitochondria and chloroplasts have? |
| have own DNA (circular), own ribosomes, and own tRNA |
| Prokarypic cells, what is diameter of largest and smallest? |
| 750 micrometers / .2 micrometers |
| 3 types of coccus shaped microbes: |
| diplococci (spherical), streptococci (chains/strips), and staphylococci (grape-like clusters) |
| Name 4 other shapes other than coccus: |
| rod, spirochete, curved (vibrio), pleomorphic |
| How are bacteria divided? |
| Into 2 groups based on their gram stain reaction |
| what makes up the fluid mosaic model? are their internal membranes? |
lipids, proteins, sugars, and hopanoid
yes, photohsyntheic bacteria |
| What bonds hold together bacteria and eukaryotes? |
| ester |
| What is unique about archaeal membranes? |
| acyl chains are composed of isoprene units and form ether bonds |
| What do archaeal membranes have? |
| tetraethers, isoprene, and monolayers which maintain rigidity under extreme conditions |
| Describe Gram Positive Bacteria Membranes: |
| have peptidoglycan as cell wass with peptides and sugars. Also have teichoic acid and lipteichoic acid |
| Describe Gram Negative bacteria membranes: |
| have peptidoglycan cell wall with also an inner membrane/outer membrane, periplasm, LPS, and porins (pore protein that allows things to pore into the periplasm) |
| What does cytoskeleton do? |
maintains cell shape and properly positoins petidoglycan machinery Ex: MreB in rod shape only
NOT in cocci! |
| What forms ring at center of dividing cell and is required for septum formation in the cytoskeleton and is a homologe of tubulin? |
| FtsZ |
| What are inclusion bodies? |
| granules of organic or inorgainc material (Gobs of stuff), used for storage and have glycogen, gas, and PHB |
| What is a special magnetic inclusion body? |
| Magnetosome |
| Distinguish between ribosomes: |
Eukaryotic: 80s -; 60s ; 40s
Bacterial/Archaeal: 70s -; 50s ; 30s |
| Do prokaryotes have a nucleus? |
| No, have a nucleoid |
| What is a nucleoid? |
| has circular chromosomes, some lindear chormosomes, bacteria have no histones but archaea have some |
| Descibe plasmids: |
| small, closed, circular DNA molecules, exist and replicate independtly of chromosome and have relatively few genes present |
| Are genes on plasmids essential to host? |
| No, but may confer selective advantage like antibiotic resistance or virulence |
| What are toxins that kill other bacteria? |
| bacteriocins |
| What has polysaccharid coating, glycocalyx, and prevents phagocytosis and antibody recognition? |
| Capsule |
| Describe S-layer |
| structured, consists of protein and glycoprotein, and archaea only have this |
| What is on the outside and has fimbriae and is known for adhesion, motility, and conjugation (transfer of genetic material)? |
| Pili |
| Are flagella polar? monotrichous? peritrichous? |
| yes/ yes/ yes |
| What works like a propellar on flagellum and which ways does it go? |
helical filament
run = counterclockwise
tumble = clockwise |
| How is flagellum made? |
| new molecules of flagellin are transported through the hollow filament and growth is from tip |
| What happens in presence of a chemical attractant? |
| tumbling frequency is reduced and runs in direction of attractant, which is longer |
| How do flagellum work? |
| like a motor with hydrogen ions and a proton pump (turns it) |
| Endospores: |
| are gram positive bacteria, dormant, extremely resistant, and form within a bacterium |
| What do endospores have to make them resistant? |
| spore coat mafe of protein layers |
| What is emergence from spore under favorale conditions? |
| germination |
| What does "vegetative" mean? |
| growing |
| During sporulation (formation of a spore), what can it do? |
| can engulf other spores and is asymmetrical |
| Large prokaryote swallowed small prokaryote and had a symbiotic relationship describes: |
| endosymbiotic theory |
| What is a mordant? |
| chemical that forms insoluble complexes with a dye |
| Describe gram positive and gram negative. |
gram positive is when purple
gram negative is when red |
| Difference in peptidoglycan in gram pos and gram neg? |
| gram positive is thick wall and gram negative is thin |
| What does peptidoglycan have? |
| NAG, NAM, several different amino acids, and chains of linked peptidoglycans are crossliked by peptides |
| Parts of peptidoglycan structure: |
| D-amino acids, DAP, and L-lysine |
| Wher is pentapeptide always located? |
| NAM |
| Gram negative has peptide interbridge where vs gram positive? |
negative: DAP to DAP
positive: D-Ala to L-Lys |
| What 2 carriers synthesize peptidoglycan? |
| UDP and Bactoprenol |
| Detail synthesis process: |
UDP – NAM pentapeptide binds to Bactoprenol and bumps off UMP. Then has a NAM to form Lipid 1. Next NAG joins NAM covalently and forms lipid 2. Then it flips from cytoplasm to periplasm. Next joins to another Peptidoglycan.
Bactoprenol gets kicked off and flips back to inside to start process all over |
| Process by which crosslinks are made is called: |
| transpeptidation |
DAP always binds to what?
What carries out the cleaving? |
4th Ala and cleaves the 5th
PBPs (penicillin binding proteins) |
| Name the 5 antimicrobial targets |
Penicillin Vancomycin Bacitracin Cycloserine Fosfomycin |
| What is autolysins? |
| bacteria digesting own peptidoglycan in order to grow and autolysins do this in order for new material to be added |
| What covalently links proteins to peptidoglycan in gram positive bacteria? |
| sortase |
| Describe gram stain process: |
Crystal violet a mordant a alcohol to decolorize a counterstain of Safranin |
| Benefits of cell wall? |
| support cell shape, protect from toxic substances, contribute to pathogenicity, target for antimicrobials and osmotic protection |
| 3 types of osmotic protection: |
Hypotonic solution a Lysis
Hypertonic solutiona Plasmolysis
Isotonic solutiona Happy Cells |
| Which requires Sac and Tat only? |
| Gram positive |
| What has no peptidoglcan and has different cel was stuctures such as pseudomurein, polysaccharides, and S-layer? |
| Archaea |
| Archaea has what instead of peptidoglycan? |
| NAG and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid, different linkages, and L-amino acids |
| What has simpler cell walls and polysaccharides made of chitin, cellulose, and glucan? |
| Fungi |
| How can you compare microbial genomes? |
| By their G+C content |
| What does greater G+C mean? |
| higher melting temp. |
| Proteobacteria is the smallest or largest phylum and is gram positive or negative and has how many groups? |
| largest/ negative/ five: alpha, beta, gamma, sigma, and epsilon |
| What bacteria grow at low nutrient levels and have unusual metabolism? |
| Aplha proteobacteria |
| Name some alpha proteobacteria |
Rickettsia: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rhizobium: symbiotic growth with plant roots
Agrobacterium: transform plant cells, tumors
Caulobacter: unusual growth, microbial development
Anoxygenic photosynthesis: purple nonsulfur bacteria |
| What bacter has metabolic diversity and substances from organic decomposition? |
| Beta proteobacteria |
| Name some Beta proteobacteria: |
Neisseria gonorrgoeae or meningitidis: diplococci
Bordetella pertussis
And others involved in disease |
| What is the largest subgroup of proteobacteria? |
| gamma proteobacteria |
| Name gamme proteobacteria: |
Enterobacteriaceae: enteric microorganisms, G-rods: salmonella
virbrio cholerae
pseudomnoas aeruginosa: lung infections and burn wound infections |
| what proteobacteria are predators and anaerobes that use sulfur and sulfate? |
| sigma |
| name some sigma proteobacteria: |
Bdellovibrio
Myxococcus xanthus: fruiting bodies, fungal-like growth |
| What is the smallest class of proteobacteria? |
| epsilon |
| name some epsilon proteobacteria: |
Campylobacter jejuni: enteritis
Helicobacter pylori: ulcers |
| What are some other gram negatives? |
| extreme bacteria, photosynthetic, chlamydiae, spirochaetes, bacteroides |
| Name some extreme bacteria: |
Aquifex pyrophilus: oldest branch of bacteria
Deinococcus radiodurans: resistant to radiation, stain gram + |
| What is cyanobacteria? |
| Type of photosnthetic bacteria that is blue-green algae with oxygenic photosynthesis and is the largest group of photosynthetic bacteria |
| What special characteristics do cyanobacteria have? |
| thylakoid membranes and phycobilisomes (pigments, transer energy to PSII) |
| What are heterocysts? |
| Filamentous cyanobacteria with nitrogen fixation, anaerobic, provide organic nitrogen and recieve nutrients |
| Name some types of chlamydiae: |
Chlamydia trachomatis: STD
Pneumonia
-Obligate intracellular pathogen and has no peptidoglycan |
| Describe spirochaetes: |
| spiral shaped, periplasmic flagella, outer sheath |
| Name 2 spirochaetes: |
Treponema pallidum: syphilis
Borrelia burgdorgferi: lyme disease |
| What are bacteriodes? |
| anaerobic, oral cavity and intesting |
| Name a bacteriode: |
| Fragilis |
| What lack cell walls and are pleomorphic, look like fried eggs? |
mycoplasma
Ex: pneumonia |
| What are three categories of Gram positives: |
Low and high G+C
Peptidoglycan
Spore formation |
| Name classes of low G+C gram positives: |
Clostridia
Bacilli
Mysoplasma |
| Descirbe clostridia: |
anaerobic, endospores, toxins
Ex: perfringens, tetani, botulinum |
| Describe bacilli: |
rods, cocci, spore forming
Ex: subtilis and anthracis |
| Name 3 non spore forming bacilli: |
staphylococcus
steptococcus
lactobacillus |
| 4 categories of high G+C gram positives: |
actinomycetes filamentuos hyphae asexual spores resemble fungi |
| types of actinomycetes: |
streptomyces: antibiotics
corynebacterium diptheriae
mycobacterium: tuberculosis and leprae |
| 5 physiological groups of archaea? |
methanogenic
sulfate reducers
halophiles
thermophilic sulfur metabolizers
cell wall-less |
| Name 2 phyla of archaea: |
Chrenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota |
| Describe Chrenarchaeota: |
| high temp, high sulfur, low pH, found in volcanic hot springs, hot aquatic habitats, cold marine environments |
| Describe sulfolobus: |
| aerobic, irregularly lobed, spherical, cell wall, oxidize H2, H2S and FeS2 |
| Describe Thermoproteus: |
| anaerobe, thin rod bent or branched, cell wall of glycoprotein, grows in how aquatic habitats rich in sulfur |
| What is chrenarchaeol |
| a specific lipid |
| Describe euryarchaeota: |
| very diverse, methanogens, halophiles, sulfur metabolizers, sulfate reducers, thermoplasma (no cell wall) |
| Describe methanogens: |
| produce methan, anaerobic, high temp, found in animal intestines, aquatic sediments, swamps, marshes, hot springs, anoxic sludge digesters |
| Describe halophiles: |
| love salt, require high salt, red to yellow in color, found in salt lakes and marine salterns |
| What pumps out protons and drives ATP synthesis in haolbacterium salinarium? |
| bacteriorhodopsin |
| Describe sulfate reducing: |
| archeoglobus, marine hydrothermal vents |
| Describe thermoplasms: |
no cell wall, membrane, DNA of archaeal histones,
Ex: thermoplasma (coal mine) and picrophilus (grows at pH 0 ) |
| Name 4 additional phyla sorta recognied from RNA sequencing: |
Korarchaeota: hydrothermal environments
Thaumarchaeota: ammonia oxidizers
Aigarchaeota
Nanoarchaeota: only member is equitans parasitises |
| Benthic Unattended Generator: |
produce current from aquatic sediments
power electronic devices in aqutic environments |
| How do things survive in extreme environments? |
| with stabilizing molecules like ATP and NADH, proteins like hydophobic cores and chaperones, lipids like tetraehters, and rRNA with higher G+C content |
| How stabillize DNA? |
| reverse DNA gyrase and supercoils, addition of solutes, and DNA binds proteins |
| Genetics of extreme: |
| small genomes, some plasmids, circular chromosomes, histones |
| Extremes replication: |
| similar to bacteria, replication proteins similar to eukaryotes (DNA-p and initiation proteins), cell division has no MreB or FtsZ |
| Transcription/Translation of extremes: |
eukaryotic like RNA-p, gene promoter sequences simila to eukaryotes, and gene regulation similar to bacteria
70s ribosomes, EF-2 reacts with diptheria toxin |
| Secretion of extremes: |
incorporate selenocystin and pyrrolysine
Sec pathway and TAT |
| Do extremes have membrane bound organelles? |
| no |
| Another word for visible structure: |
| thallus |
| What are associations of fungi and cyanobacteria? |
| Lichens |
| Name some fungi |
Saccharimyces cerevisiae: most studied eucaryote
Neurospora crassa: circadian rhythms |
| What are the fungal divisions and which two are paraphyletic: |
Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Microsporidia, Glomerocycota
Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota |
| Characteristics of Chytridiomycota: |
| simplest, infect aquatic plants and animals, motile, single flagellum |
| Characteristics of Zygomycota: |
bread mold
Coenocytic hyphae: haploid
Asexual reproduction: sporangia
Sexual reproduction: zygospores |
| Characteristics of Ascomycota |
red, brown, and blue-green food spoilage molds, most fungal pathogens, has a ascus (sac)
Ex: neurospra crassa: bread mold |
| What happens during asexual of saccharomyces cerevisiae and ascomycetes |
| budding / conidiospores |
| Define Ergotism: |
Eat grain infected with Claviceps purpurea
Ex: gangrene, delusions, nervous spams, abortion, confulsion |
| Name for white nose syndrome |
| geomyces destructans |
| Characteristics of Basidiomycota: |
mushrooms, basidium (club shaped structure at end), sexual reproduction
Ex: Cryptococcus neoformans |
| Characteristics of Microsporidia: |
| obligate intracellular parasites, no mitochondria, peroxisomes, or centrioles |
| Characteristics of Glomeromycota: |
| asexual reproduction, symbionts of higher plants, important component of mycorrhizae (plant root fungas that provide nutrients) |
| Characteristics of Mycorrhizae: |
| do not degrade plants, use carbs from host, provide host w nutrients, bacteria also present |
| What grwos between plant cells and what penetrates cell walls? |
| Ectomycorrhizae / arbuscular mycorrhizaw |
| What does the Wood Wide Web do? |
| increase water and nutrient uptake and disease resistance |
| Where do protozoans get their nutrients? |
| from organic molecules |
| Name the Protist groups: |
Excavata
Amoebozoa
Rhizaria
Chromalveolata
Archeaplastida |
| Define Excavata: |
most primitive, cytosome (feeding groove), flagella, Giardia (intestinal distress)
Ex: Leishmania, Trypanosome: Chaga's disease and African sleeping sickness |
| Define Ameobozoa: |
| irregular shpae, motile with pseudopod, cytoplasmic extensions, and cells crawl along |
| Define pseudopodia, lobopodia, filopodia, and retidulopodia |
| false feet, rounded, longand narrow, netlike mesh |
| What is Entamoeba histolytica? |
| amoebic dysentery, 3rd leading cause of parasitic death, contaminated water, feces-contaminated food, eat bacteria |
| Rhizaria: |
amoeboid, filopodia
Ex: Radiolaria, Formaninifera (limestone, marble, etc.) |
| Define Chromalveolata: |
united by plastid origin
Ex: Apicomplexa (animal parasites |
| Red tide: |
| Dinoflagellates |
| Paramecium: |
2 nuclei: macro and micro nucleus
micro is diploid (mitosis) macro is polyploid |
| Steps of Paramecium: |
| 1. macronucleus is degraded, micronucleu undergoes meiosis, 3 of resulting micronuclei disintergrate, remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis, one micronucleus migrates, paramecia separate, gametic nuclei fuse, 3 rounds of mitosis, 8 nuclei: 1 becomes micronucleus, 3 destroyed, 4 become macronucleus, cellular division leads to one micro and one macro nucleus per cell |
| Diatoms: |
| photosynthesis, cell walls of silica, freshwater and oceans |
